Posts Tagged ‘wikipedia’

Pay-per-view From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Posted: January 19, 2015 in pay per view
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Pay-per-view
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with pay television.
Pay-per-view (PPV) is a type of pay television service by which a subscriber of a television service provider can purchase events to view via private telecast. The broadcaster shows the event at the same time to everyone ordering it (as opposed to video-on-demand systems, which allow viewers to see recorded broadcasts at any time). Events can be purchased using an on-screen guide, an automated telephone system, or through a live customer service representative. Events often include feature films, sporting events and other entertainment programs.
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• 1 North AmericaNorth America[edit]
United States[edit]
The Zenith Phonevision system became the first pay-per-view system to be tested in the United States. Developed in 1951, it used telephone lines to take and receive orders, as well as to descramble a television broadcast signal. The field tests conducted for Phonevision lasted for 90 days and were tested in Chicago, Illinois. The system used IBM punch cards to descramble a signal broadcast during the broadcast station’s “off-time”. Both systems showed promise, but the Federal Communications Commission denied them the permits to operate.[1]
One of the earliest pay-per-view systems on cable television, the Optical Systems-developed Channel 100, first began service in 1972 in San Diego, California through Mission Cable[2] (which was later acquired by Cox Communications) and TheaterVisioN, which operated out of Sarasota, Florida. These early systems quickly went out of business, as the cable industry adopted satellite technology and as flat-rate pay television services such as Home Box Office (HBO) became popular.
Boxing was first introduced to pay-per-view with the “Thrilla In Manila” fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier in September 1975 (which was also transmitted through HBO); there was also another major title fight aired on pay-per-view in 1980, when Roberto Duran defeated Sugar Ray Leonard. Cable companies offered the match for $10, and about 155,000 customers paid to watch the fight.[3][4]
A major pay-per-view event[citation needed] occurred on September 16, 1981, when Sugar Ray Leonard fought Thomas “Hitman” Hearns for the World Welterweight Championship. Viacom Cablevision in Nashville, Tennessee – the first system to offer the event – saw over 50 percent of its subscriber base purchase the fight.[citation needed] Leonard visited Nashville to promote the fight, and the event proved such a success that Viacom themed its annual report for that year around it.[citation needed] Viacom marketing director Pat Thompson put together the fight, and subsequently put together additional PPV fights, wrestling matches and even a televised Broadway play.[citation needed]
After leaving Viacom, Thompson became head of Sports View and produced the first pay-per-view football game on October 16, 1983, a college football game between theUniversity of Tennessee and the University of Alabama from Birmingham, Alabama.[citation needed] Sports View played a role in building pay-per-view networks,[citation needed] and became the early pioneer in developing TigerVision for Louisiana State University, TideVision for Alabama and UT Vol Seat for Tennessee. Sports View also produced the Ohio State-Michigan football game for pay-per-view in November 1983.
In 1985, the first pay-per-view cable channels in the United States – Viewer’s Choice (now In Demand), Cable Video Store, First Choice and Request TV – began operation within days of each other.[citation needed] Viewer’s Choice serviced both home satellite dish and cable customers, while Request TV, though broadcasting to cable viewers, would not become available to satellite subscribers until the 1990s.[citation needed] First Choice PPV was available on Rogers Cablesystems in the United States and Canada. After Paragon Cable acquired the Rogers Cablesystems franchise in San Antonio, Texas, First Choice continued to be carried until Time Warner Cable bought Paragon in 1996. In the United States, pay-per-view broadcasters transmit without advertisements, similar to conventional flat-rate pay television services.
The term “pay-per-view” did not come into general use until the late 1980s[citation needed] when companies such as Viewer’s Choice, HBO and Showtime started using the system to show movies and some of their productions. Viewer’s Choice carried movies, concerts and other events, with live sporting events such as WrestleMania being the most predominant programming. Prices ranged from $3.99 to $49.99, while HBO and Showtime, with their event production legs TVKO and SET Pay Per View, would offer championship boxing matches ranging from $14.99 to $54.99.[citation needed]
ESPN later began to televise college football and basketball games on pay-per-view through its services ESPN Gameplan and ESPN Full Court, which were eventually sold as full-time out-of-market sports packages.[citation needed] The boxing undercard Latin Fury, shown on June 28, 2003, became ESPN’s first boxing card on pay-per-view and also the first pay-per-view boxing card held in Puerto Rico.[citation needed] Pay-per-view has provided a revenue stream for professional wrestling circuits such as WWE, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), Ring of Honor (ROH) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA).
WWE chairman and chief executive officer Vince McMahon is considered by many as one of the icons of pay-per-view promotion. McMahon owns the rights to payperview.com, which redirects to the WWE website.[5]
HBO PPV[edit]
In 2006, HBO generated 3.7 million pay-per-view buys with $177 million in gross sales. The only year with more buys previously, 1999, had a total of 4 million. The former record fell in 2007 when HBO sold 4.8 million PPV buys with $255 million in sales.[6]
1999 differed radically from 2006: 1999 saw four major fight cards: De La Hoya-Trinidad (1.4 million buys), Holyfield-Lewis I (1.2 million), Holyfield-Lewis II (850,000) and De La Hoya-Quartey (570,000). By contrast, only one pay-per-view mega-fight took place in 2006: De La Hoya-Mayorga (925,000 buys). Rahman-Maskaev bombed with under 50,000. The other eight PPV cards that year all fell in the 325,000–450,000 range. Pay-per-view fights in that range almost always generate more money for the promoter and fighters than HBO wants to pay for an HBO World Championship Boxing license-fee.[citation needed]
In May 2007, the super-welterweight boxing match between Oscar De La Hoya and Floyd Mayweather Jr. on HBO PPV became the biggest-selling non-heavyweight title fight, with a little more than 2.5 million buyers.[citation needed] The fight itself generated roughly $134.4 million in domestic PPV revenue, making it the most lucrative prizefight of all time.
The leading PPV attraction, Oscar De La Hoya,[citation needed] has “sold” approximately 12.8 million units in total, giving $612 million in domestic television receipts.[citation needed] In third place in buys, Evander Holyfield has achieved 12.6 million units ($543 million); and in second, Mike Tyson has reached 12.4 million units ($545 million). Floyd “Money” Mayweather has generated 9,6 million buys and $543 million in revenue[citation needed][7]
Ross Greenburg, then president of HBO Sports, called the expansion of pay-per-view “the biggest economic issue in boxing”, stating “I can’t tell you that pay-per-view helps the sport because it doesn’t. It hurts the sport because it narrows our audience, but it’s a fact of life. Every time we try to make an HBO World Championship Boxing fight, we’re up against mythical pay-per-view numbers. HBO doesn’t make a lot of money from pay-per-view. There’s usually a cap on what we can make. But the promoters and fighters insist on pay-per-view because that’s where their greatest profits lie.”[8]
“It’s a big problem,” Greenburg continues. “It’s getting harder and harder to put fighters like Manny Pacquiao on HBO World Championship Boxing. If Floyd Mayweather beats Oscar, he might never fight on HBO World Championship Boxing again. But if HBO stopped doing pay-per-view, the promoters would simply do it on their own [like Bob Arum did with Cotto-Malignaggi in June 2006] or find someone else who will do it for them.”[8]
Former HBO Sports President Seth Abraham concurs, saying, “I think, if Lou (DiBella) and I were still at HBO, we’d be in the same pickle as far as the exodus of fights to pay-per-view is concerned.”[9]

Boxing[edit]
Select HBO/Showtime PPV boxing buy-rates between 1988 and 2014:
Date Fight Result Buy rate
Jun 27, 1988 Mike Tyson vs. Michael Spinks
Tyson wins by KO in round 1
700,000[10]

Oct 25, 1990 Buster Douglas vs. Evander Holyfield
Holyfield wins by KO in round 3 1,000,000[10]

Jun 28, 1991 Mike Tyson vs. Donovan Ruddock
Tyson wins by TKO in round 7
957,000[citation needed]

Apr 19, 1991 Evander Holyfield vs. George Foreman
Holyfield wins by UD (116–111, 117–110, 115–112) 1,400,000[11]

Oct 18, 1991 Ray Mercer vs. Tommy Morrison
Mercer wins by KO in round 5 200,000[12]

Jun 28, 1991 Mike Tyson vs. Donovan Ruddock II
Tyson wins by UD (113–109, 114–108, 114–108) 1,250,000[13]

Jun 19, 1992 Evander Holyfield vs. Larry Holmes
Holyfield wins by UD (117–111, 116–112, 116–112) 730,000[14]

Nov 13, 1992 Evander Holyfield vs. Riddick Bowe
Bowe wins by UD (117–110, 117–110, 115–112) 900,000[15]

Jun 7, 1993 George Foreman vs. Tommy Morrison
Morrison wins by UD (117–110, 117–110, 118–108) 600,000[16]

Nov 6, 1993 Riddick Bowe vs. Evander Holyfield II
Holyfield wins by MD (115–113, 115–114, 114–114) 950,000[17]

Nov 18, 1994 James Toney vs. Roy Jones, Jr.
Jones wins by UD (119–108, 118–109, 117–110) 300,000[18]

May 6, 1995 Oscar De La Hoya vs. Rafael Ruelas
De La Hoya wins by TKO in Round 2 330,000[19]

Aug 19, 1995 Mike Tyson vs. Peter McNeeley
Tyson wins by DQ in round 1
1,550,000[11]

Nov 4, 1995 Riddick Bowe vs. Evander Holyfield III
Bowe wins by TKO in round 8 650,000[20]

Mar 16, 1996 Frank Bruno vs. Mike Tyson II
Tyson wins by TKO in round 3 1,370,000[11]

Sep 7, 1996 Bruce Seldon vs. Mike Tyson
Tyson wins by TKO in round 1 1,150,000[11]

Nov 9, 1996 Mike Tyson vs. Evander Holyfield
Holyfield wins by TKO in round 11 1,590,000[11]

Apr 12, 1997 Pernell Whitaker vs. Oscar De La Hoya
De La Hoya wins by UD (115–111, 116–110, 116–110) 720,000[21]

Jun 28, 1997 Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II
Holyfield wins by DQ in round 3 1,990,000[11]

Sep 13, 1997 Oscar De La Hoya vs. Hector Camacho
De La Hoya wins by UD (120–106, 120–105, 118–108) 560,000[21]

Nov 8, 1997 Evander Holyfield vs. Michael Moorer II
Holyfield wins by RTD in round 8
550,000[22]

Jan 16, 1999 Mike Tyson vs. Francois Botha
Tyson wins by KO in round 5 750,000[23]

Mar 13, 1999 Evander Holyfield vs. Lennox Lewis
Draw (116–113, 113–115, 115–115) 1,200,000[24]

Sep 18, 1999 Oscar De La Hoya vs. Félix Trinidad
Trinidad wins by MD (115–113, 115–114, 114–114) 1,400,000[11]

Nov 13, 1999 Evander Holyfield vs. Lennox Lewis II
Lewis wins by UD (116–112, 117–111, 115–113) 850,000[24]

Apr 29, 2000 Lennox Lewis vs. Michael Grant
Lewis wins by KO in round 2 340,000[24]

Jun 17, 2000 Oscar De La Hoya vs. Shane Mosley
Mosley wins by SD (116–112, 115–113, 113–115) 590,000[21]

Sep 9, 2000 Roy Jones, Jr. vs. Eric Harding
Jones wins by RTD in round 10 125,000[25]

Oct 20, 2000 Mike Tyson vs. Andrew Golota
Tyson wins by TKO in round 3 (later changed to a no contest)
450,000[26]

Nov 11, 2000 Lennox Lewis vs. David Tua
Lewis wins by UD (119–109, 118–110, 117–111) 420,000[24]

Mar 3, 2001 Evander Holyfield vs. John Ruiz Ruiz wins by UD (116–110, 115–111, 114–111) 185,000[27]

Apr 7, 2001 Marco Antonio Barrera vs. Naseem Hamed Barrera wins by UD (116–111, 115–112, 115–112) 310,000[28]

Jun 8, 2002 Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson
Lewis wins by KO in round 8 1,970,000[11]

Sep 14, 2002 Oscar De La Hoya vs. Fernando Vargas
De La Hoya wins by TKO in round 11 935,000[21]

Feb 22, 2003 Mike Tyson vs. Clifford Etienne
Tyson wins by KO in round 1 100,000[27]

Mar 1, 2003 John Ruiz vs. Roy Jones, Jr.
Jones wins by UD (118–110, 117–111, 116–112) 525,000[27]

Sep 13, 2003 Oscar De La Hoya vs. Shane Mosley II
Mosley wins by UD (113–115, 113–115, 113–115) 950,000[21]

Oct 4, 2003 James Toney vs. Evander Holyfield Toney wins by TKO in round 9 150,000[29]

Nov 8, 2003 Antonio Tarver vs. Roy Jones, Jr.
Jones wins by MD (117–111, 116–112, 114–114) 302,000[30]

May 15, 2004 Roy Jones, Jr. vs. Antonio Tarver II
Tarver wins by KO in round 2 360,000[31]

Sep 18, 2004 Bernard Hopkins vs. Oscar De La Hoya
Hopkins wins by KO in round 9 1,000,000[21]

Dec 11, 2004 Vitali Klitschko vs. Danny Williams Klitschko wins by TKO in round 8 120,000[32]

Jun 11, 2005 Mike Tyson vs. Kevin McBride
McBride wins by TKO in round 7 250,000[33]

Oct 1, 2005 Antonio Tarver vs. Roy Jones, Jr. III
Tarver wins by UD (117–111, 116–112, 116–112) 405,000[34]

May 6, 2006 Ricardo Mayorga vs. Oscar De La Hoya
De La Hoya wins by TKO in round 6 925,000[35]

May 5, 2007 Oscar De La Hoya vs. Floyd Mayweather
Mayweather wins by SD (116–112, 115–113, 113–115) 2,400,000[11]

Dec 8, 2007 Floyd Mayweather vs. Ricky Hatton
Mayweather wins by TKO in round 10 920,000[36]

Dec 6, 2008 Oscar De La Hoya vs. Manny Pacquiao
Pacquiao wins by RTD in round 8 1,250,000[11]

May 2, 2009 Ricky Hatton vs. Manny Pacquiao
Pacquiao wins by KO in round 2 825,000[37]

Sep 19, 2009 Floyd Mayweather vs. Juan Manuel Márquez
Mayweather wins by UD (120–107, 119–108, 118–109) 1,060,000[36]

Nov 14, 2009 Manny Pacquiao vs. Miguel Cotto
Pacquiao wins by TKO in round 12 1,250,000[38]

Mar 13, 2010 Manny Pacquiao vs. Joshua Clottey
Pacquiao wins by UD (119–109, 119–109, 120–108) 700,000[39]

May 1, 2010 Floyd Mayweather vs. Shane Mosley
Mayweather wins by UD (119–109, 118–110, 119–109) 1,400,000[11]

Nov 13, 2010 Manny Pacquiao vs. Antonio Margarito
Pacquiao wins by UD (120–108, 118–110, 119–109) 1,150,000[40]

May 7, 2011 Manny Pacquiao vs. Shane Mosley
Pacquiao wins by UD (119–108, 120–108, 120–107) 1,300,000[41]

Sep 17, 2011 Floyd Mayweather vs. Victor Ortiz
Mayweather wins by KO in round 4 1,250,000[42]

Nov 13, 2011 Manny Pacquiao vs. Juan Manuel Marquez III
Pacquiao wins by MD (115–113, 114–114, 116–112) 1,250,000[43]

May 5, 2012 Floyd Mayweather vs. Miguel Cotto
Mayweather wins by UD (117–111, 117–111, 118–110) 1,500,000[44]

Jun 9, 2012 Manny Pacquiao vs. Timothy Bradley
Bradley wins by SD (115–113, 115–113, 115–113) 890,000[45]

Sep 15, 2012 Sergio Martínez vs. Julio César Chávez, Jr.
Martínez wins by UD (118–109, 118–109, 117–110) 475,000[46]

Dec 8, 2012 Manny Pacquiao vs. Juan Manuel Márquez IV
Márquez wins by KO in round 6 1,150,000[43]

May 4, 2013 Floyd Mayweather vs. Robert Guerrero
Mayweather wins by UD (117–111, 117–111, 117–111) 875,000[47]

Sept 14, 2013 Floyd Mayweather vs. Saúl Álvarez
Mayweather wins by MD (117–111, 116–112, 114–114) 2,200,000[13]

Oct 12, 2013 Timothy Bradley vs. Juan Manuel Márquez
Bradley wins by SD (115–113, 116–112, 113–115) 375,000[48]

Nov 24, 2013 Manny Pacquiao vs. Brandon Rios
Pacquiao wins by UD (119–109, 120–108, 118–110) 475,000[49]

Mar 8, 2014 Saúl Álvarez vs. Alfredo Angulo Alvarez wins by TKO in Round 10 350,000[50]

Apr 12, 2014 Manny Pacquiao vs. Timothy Bradley II
Pacquiao wins by UD (116–112, 116–112, 118–110) 800,000[51]

May 3, 2014 Floyd Mayweather vs. Marcos Maidana
Mayweather wins by MD (114–114, 117–111, 116–112) 850,000[52]

Jun 7, 2014 Miguel Cotto vs. Sergio Martínez Cotto wins by RTD in round 10 315,000[53]

Jul 13, 2014 Saúl Álvarez vs. Erislandy Lara Álvarez wins by SD (115–113, 117–111, 113–115 ) 300,000[54]

UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship)[edit]
Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), a relative newcomer on the pay-per-view scene, matched the once-dominant World Wrestling Entertainment Inc. in pay-per-view revenues during 2006 and surpassed boxing titan HBO. The three companies make up the bulk of the pay-per-view business. According to Deana Myers, a senior analyst atKagan Research LLC (which tracks the PPV industry), “UFC has reinvigorated the pay-per-view category.”[55]
The highest buy rates for the UFC as of June 2014 are as follows:
Note: The UFC does not release official PPV statistics, and the following PPV numbers are as reported by industry insiders.
No. Date Event Buy rate
1 Jul 11, 2009 UFC 100: Lesnar vs. Mir 2
1,600,000
2 Jul 3, 2010 UFC 116: Lesnar vs. Carwin
1,160,000
3 Dec 30, 2006 UFC 66: Liddell vs. Ortiz 2
1,050,000
– May 29, 2010 UFC 114: Rampage vs. Evans
1,050,000
– Oct 23, 2010 UFC 121: Lesnar vs. Velasquez
1,050,000
4 Dec 28, 2013 UFC 168: Weidman vs. Silva II
1,025,000[56]

5 Nov 15, 2008 UFC 91: Couture vs. Lesnar
1,010,000
6 Dec 27, 2008 UFC 92: The Ultimate 2008
1,000,000
7 Jul 7, 2012 UFC 148: Silva vs. Sonnen II
925,000
8 Jan 31, 2009 UFC 94: St-Pierre vs. Penn 2
920,000
9 Mar 16, 2013 UFC 158: St-Pierre vs. Diaz
900,000
10 Aug 8, 2009 UFC 101: Declaration
850,000
– Mar 27, 2010 UFC 111: St-Pierre vs. Hardy
850,000
12 Apr 30, 2011 UFC 129: St-Pierre vs. Shields
800,000
– Dec 11, 2010 UFC 124: St-Pierre vs. Koscheck 2
800,000
– Dec 30, 2011 UFC 141: Lesnar vs. Overeem
800,000
15 Jul 8, 2006 UFC 61: Bitter Rivals
775,000
16 Feb 5, 2011 UFC 126: Silva vs. Belfort
750,000
17 Dec 29, 2007 UFC 79: Nemesis
700,000
– Apr 21, 2012 UFC 145: Jones vs. Evans
700,000
– Nov 17, 2012 UFC 154: St-Pierre vs. Condit
700,000
Canada[edit]
In Canada, most cable, satellite, and IPTV service providers provide pay-per-view programming through one or more services. Historically, PPV operations were required to be outsourced to a third-party operator, such as Viewers Choice, which had sole rights to offer PPV programming in a particular language and/or part of the country regardless of service provider. However, the PPV market was opened to competition in the late 1990s, and since then PPV service ownership has been consolidated under the large Canadian service providers, including Shaw PPV (Shaw Cable / Shaw Direct), Vu! (Bell TV), Sportsnet PPV (Rogers), Canal Indigo (Videotron), and SaskTel PPV, while Viewers Choice will be winding down operations in September 2014. In all cases, prices typically range from around C$4.99 (for movies) up to $20 or more for special events.
Europe[edit]
Romania[edit]
Cable communications operator UPC Romania has notified the National Audiovisual Council (CNA) on the intention to introduce in January, February 2014 at the latest, an on-demand audiovisual media service called Agerpres. According to the manager of UPC Romania-owned Smaranda Radoi UPC, will allow customers to watch movies on demand or live events; as well as broadcasts of performances, concerts and sporting events.
Albania[edit]
In November 2008, pay-per-view made its debut in Albania through Digitalb on terrestrial and satellite television, with the channel DigiGold.[57]
United Kingdom[edit]
Viewers in the United Kingdom can access pay-per-view via satellite, cable and over-the-internet television services, mainly for films – with services such as Sky Box Office. Broadcasters (most notably PremPlus) have largely abandoned their aspirations to introduce PPV into the sports market due to poor take-up; as of 2009 it carries only occasional boxing matches and half of the WWE pay-per-view events, with the other half shown on Sky Sports.
France[edit]
Launched in the late 1990s, Canalsat (Ciné+) and TPS (Multivision) operate their own pay-per-view service. While CanalSat holds the rights to live soccer matches for France’s Ligue 1, TPS had the rights for Boxe matches. In 2007, Multivision service ceased by the end of TPS service which merged with Canalsat. Nowadays, Ciné+ is the only existing pay-per-view service in France.
Australia and the Pacific Islands[edit]
Foxtel and Optus Vision introduced pay-per-view direct to home television in Australia in the mid-to-late 1990s. Foxtel had Event TV (until it transformed into its current form; Main Event) while, Optus Vision had Main Attraction Pay-Per-View as its provider. As of 2005, Main Event is the current pay-per-view provider through Foxtel and Optus cable/satellite subscription.
Sky Pacific started a service in Fiji and in other Pacific Island nations[which?] in 2006.
Malaysia[edit]
In Malaysia, Astro’s Astro Box Office service launched in 2000 in the form of the free-to-air “Astro Showcase”.
Japan[edit]
SkyPerfecTV subscribers can receive one-click pay-per-view access to hundreds of channels supplying domestic and international sporting events (including WWE events), movies, and specialty programming, either live or later on continuous repeat on its channel.
India[edit]
In India a pay-per-view service operates, however, pay-per-view sports broadcasts are not available.[citation needed]

Kejaksaan Agung Indonesia Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas Kejaksaan Agung Republik Indonesia

Posted: December 12, 2014 in govt
Tags: , ,
1

Kejaksaan Agung Indonesia
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Kejaksaan Agung
Republik Indonesia
Logo Kejaksaan Indonesia.png
Logo Kejaksaan Indonesia
Didirikan 19 Agustus 1945
Motto Satya Adhi Wicaksana
Struktur yurisdiksi
Wilayah hukum Nasional Indonesia
Jaksa Agung Muhammad Prasetyo
Kantor Pusat Jakarta
Kejaksaan Agung (disingkat Kejakgung atau Kejagung) adalah lembaga kejaksaan yang berkedudukan di ibu kota negara Indonesia dan daerah hukumnya meliputi wilayah kekuasaan negara Indonesia.

Kejaksaan Agung, kejaksaan tinggi (berkedudukan di ibu kota provinsi dan daerah hukumnya meliputi wilayah provinsi) dan kejaksaan negeri (berkedudukan di ibu kota kabupaten/kota dan daerah hukumnya meliputi wilayah kabupaten/kota) merupakan kekuasaan negara khususnya di bidang penuntutan, di mana semuanya merupakan satu kesatuan yang utuh yang tidak dapat dipisahkan.

Daftar isi [sembunyikan]
1 Unsur pimpinan dan unsur pembantu pimpinan
2 Tugas dan wewenang Jaksa Agung
3 Lihat pula
4 Pranala luar
Unsur pimpinan dan unsur pembantu pimpinan[sunting | sunting sumber]
Unsur pimpinan Kejaksaan Agung terdiri atas Jaksa Agung dan Wakil Jaksa Agung, keduanya merupakan satu kesatuan.

Jaksa Agung (Jakgung) merupakan pejabat negara, pimpinan dan penanggung jawab tertinggi kejaksaan yang memimpin, mengendalikan pelaksanaan tugas, dan wewenang Kejaksaan Indonesia. Jaksa Agung diangkat dan diberhentikan oleh presiden. Jaksa Agung Indonesia saat ini adalah Muhammad Prasetyo, yang menjabat sejak 20 November 2014.
Wakil Jaksa Agung diangkat dan diberhentikan oleh presiden atas usul Jaksa Agung, dan bertanggung jawab kepada Jaksa Agung.
Sedangkan unsur pembantu pimpinan adalah Jaksa Agung Muda dan Wakil Jaksa Agung Muda serta Badan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan. Terdapat 6 Jaksa Agung Muda dan 1 Kepala Badan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan, yaitu:

Jaksa Agung Muda Bidang Pembinaan
Jaksa Agung Muda Bidang Intelijen
Jaksa Agung Muda Bidang Tindak Pidana Umum
Jaksa Agung Muda Bidang Tindak Pidana Khusus
Jaksa Agung Muda Bidang Perdata dan Tata Usaha Negara
Jaksa Agung Muda Bidang Pengawasan
Badan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan
Tugas dan wewenang Jaksa Agung[sunting | sunting sumber]
Tugas dan wewenang Jaksa Agung adalah:

menetapkan serta mengendalikan kebijakan penegakan hukum dan keadilan dalam ruang lingkup tugas dan wewenang kejaksaan
mengefektifkan proses penegakan hukum yang diberikan oleh Undang-Undang
mengesampingkan perkara demi kepentingan umum
mengajukan kasasi demi kepentingan hukum kepada Mahkamah Agung dalam perkara pidana, perdata, dan tata usaha negara
dapat mengajukan pertimbangan teknis hukum kepada Mahkamah Agung dalam pemeriksaan kasasi perkara pidana;
mencegah atau menangkal orang tertentu untuk masuk atau keluar wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia karena keterlibatannya dalam perkara pidana sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan
Jaksa Agung memberikan izin kepada tersangka atau terdakwa untuk berobat atau menjalani perawatan di rumah sakit dalam negeri, kecuali dalam keadaan tertentu dapat dilakukan perawatan di luar negeri, atas rekomendasi dokter.

List of converts to Islam (so far) Ref: Wikipedia

Posted: January 13, 2014 in All about Islam, converts -muaalaf
Tags: , , , ,
1

List of converts to Islam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Undetermined former religion
• A. R. Rahman – (born A. S. Dileep Kumar, 6 January 1966)) is an Indian musician
• Abd al Malik – birth name Régis Fayette-Mikano — French rapper of Congolese origins.[5]
• Abd al Haqq Kielan – Swedish cleric.[6]
• Abdallah Schleifer – prominent Middle East expert, former NBC Cairo Bureau chief, and a professor of TV journalism at the American University in Cairo who converted to Sufi Islam.[7][8]
• Abdul Alim Musa – Muslim activist and director of Masjid Al-Islam in Washington, D.C.[9]
• Abdullah Ibrahim – South African Jazz musician.[10]
• Abdur Raheem Green – Born Anthony Greene, Islamic preacher and founder of iERA [11]
• Abu Izzadeen – spokesman for Al Ghurabaa, a Muslim organization banned under the Terrorism Act 2006 for the glorification of terrorism, that operated in the United Kingdom.[12]
• Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki – In November 2012, the FBI added Hammami to its Most Wanted Terrorist list. A federal warrant for his arrest was issued in 2007.[13]
• Ahmad Jamal – Jazz pianist.[14]
• Ajdin Muzaka – was the commander in the Battle of Torvioll.
• Ali Shaheed Muhammad – member of A Tribe Called Quest.[15]
• Ali Mirza – was a prince of the Georgian.
• Alys Faiz – human rights and peace activist;[16] converted at the time of her marriage to Urdu poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz.[17]
• Amir Butler- author, engineer and Islamic activist.[18]
• Andrew Ibrahim- convicted of Preparing terrorist acts in the United Kingdom.[19]
• Anthony Mundine – Australian Boxer, Former 2 time Super Middleweight Champion.[20]
• Antoni Aleksander Iliński – a Polish-Ottoman military officer and general.
• Apisai Tora – Fijian politician.[21]
• Abdul Mirza, first Yusupov Prince.
B
• Baba Ali – Iranian-born American film developer, games developer and businessman.[22]
• B.G. Knocc Out – American west coast rapper.[23]
• Begum Om Habibeh Aga Khan – born Yvette Blanche Labrousse, Miss France 1930, wife of Aga Khan III.[24]
• Bob Denard – French mercenary.[25]
• Brandon Mayfield – American attorney-at-law who was erroneously linked to the 2004 Madrid train bombings.[26]
C
• Celestino Caballero – Boxer and former Super Bantamweight Champion.[27]
• Charles Brooks, Jr. – convicted murderer, the first person in the United States to be executed using lethal injection.[28]
• Charles John Pelham (Abdul Mateen)- 8th Earl of Yarborough.[29]
• Christian Ganczarski – German citizen convicted by a French court sentenced to 18 years in prison for the bombing of a synagogue.[30]
• Christopher Paul – member of al Qaeda, who has pled guilty to acts of terrorism.[31]
• Colleen LaRose – alleged intended assassin of Swedish cartoonist Lars Vilks.[32]
• Craig Hodges – former NBA player.[33]
• Cory Paterson – Australian professional rugby league player.[34]
D
• Daniel Streich – Swiss politician, and former member of Swiss People’s Party.[35]
• Dave Chappelle – American comedian, screenwriter, television/film producer, actor, and artist.[36]
• David Hicks – was convicted by the United States Guantanamo military commission under the Military Commissions Act of 2006, on charges of providing material support for terrorism.[37][38]
• Derrick Shareef- charged in a plot to set off four hand grenades in garbage cans 22 December at the CherryVale Mall in Rockford, Illinois during the Christmas rush.[39]
• Diam’s – French female rapper, born Mélanie Georgiades, converted 2010.[40]
• Divine Styler – American hip-hop musician.[41]
• Louis du Couret – French explorer, writer and military officer.[42]
• Dwight Muhammad Qawi – Former boxing world Light Heavyweight and Cruiserweight champion.[43]
E
• Lady Evelyn Cobbold – Scottish noblewoman.[44]
• Everlast – Irish-American rapper and singer-songwriter.[45]
F
• Frank Ribery – A French national football team player and Bayern Munich German football team adopted the name of Belal.
• Frédéric Kanouté – A French Malian football player who currently playes for the Chinese super league team Beijin Guoan.
G
• Gary Legenhausen – American philosopher and writer.[46]
• Ghostface Killah – member of the Wu-Tang Clan.[47]
• Gigi Gryce – American saxophonist, flutist, clarinetist, composer, arranger, and educator.[48]
• Gustave-Henri Jossot – French caricaturist, illustrator and Orientalist painter.[49]
H
• Hamza Yusuf (born Mark Hanson)- American Islamic scholar and co-founder of Zaytuna college [50]
• Hasan Akbar (born Mark Fidel Kools) – American sentenced to death for the murder of two fellow soldiers during the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq.[51]
• H. Rap Brown – civil rights activist.[52]
• Hamza Robertson (born Tom Robertson) – English singer.[53]
I
• Ibrahim Hooper (Douglas Hooper) – Islamic activist, spokesman for the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR).[54]
• Ibrahim Savant – one of the suspects arrested in the UK in connection to the 2006 transatlantic aircraft terrorist plot in the United Kingdom.[55]
• Idris Muhammad – American jazz musician.[56]
• Iliaş Colceag – Moldavian military commander in the Ottoman and Russian Empire.
• Ilich Ramírez Sánchez – aka “Carlos the Jackal”, convicted murderer and terrorist, currently in prison in France.[57]
• Isabelle Eberhardt – explorer and writer.[58]
J
• Jack Roche – convicted of involvement in an al-Qaeda plot to blow up the Israeli embassy in Canberra.[59]
• James Achilles Kirkpatrick – was the British Resident in Hyderabad.[60]
• Jan Janszoon – Dutch pirate.[61]
• Jason Walters – Dutch member of the Hofstad Network, convicted on charges of terrorism.[62]
• Jeff Fort – former Chicago gang leader, co-founder of the Black P. Stones gang, and founder of its El Rukn faction. He was convicted in 1987 of conspiring with Libya to perform acts ofdomestic terrorism.[63][64]
• Jeffrey Mark Deskovic – served 15-year wrongful imprisonment sentence.[65]
• Jemima Goldsmith daughter of the billionaire Sir James, who was married to Imran Khan
• Jermaine Jackson brother of Michael Jackson and former member of Jackson 5 group
• Jesse of Kakheti – a ruler of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 1614 to 1615.
• John Allen Muhammad – convicted murderer who carried out the Beltway sniper attacks of October 2002 with seventeen-year-old partner, Lee Boyd Malvo[66]
• John Ward – (changed name to Yusuf Reis) British corsair and pirate.[67]
• Jonathan A.C. Brown – American Islamic scholar and Assistant professor at Georgetown University [68]
• Johann von Leers – advisor to Muhammad Naguib known for his anti-Semitic polemics.[69][70]
• Jorvan Vieira – Luso-Brazilian football coach.[71][72][73]
• José Padilla – the respondent in Rumsfeld v. Padilla currently on trial as an alleged al-Qaida operative, converted while in prison for aggravated assault.[74]
• Juan Carlos Gomez – Former Cruiserweight Boxing Champion.[75]
• Julia Volkova – Russian singer and actress best known as a member of the Russian pop duo, t.A.T.u., along with Lena Katina.[76]
K
• Kérim Chatty- Swedish bodybuilding stuntman who was once suspected of attempted hijacking. The preliminary inquiry was dropped.[77]
• Khaled Edward Blair – British barrister, later married Princess Badiya bint Al Hassan of Jordan.[78]
• Khalid Sheldrake – an English pickle manufacturer who established a branch of the Western Islamic Association in South Shields in 1930.
• Kamala Surayya – a Malayalam writer, (pen name Madhavikkutty), one of India’s best known 20th century poets, converted from Hinduism to Islam in 1999.[79]
L
• Larry Johnson – retired American professional basketball player.[80]
• Lauren Booth – a British[81] broadcaster, journalist and human rights activist.[82][83]
• Li Nu – a Chinese scholar in the Ming dynasty who visited Persia, converted to Islam, married a Persian or an Arab girl and brought her back to Quanzhou in Fujian.[84][85][86]
• Lim Yew Hock – Singapore’s second Chief Minister from 1956 to 1959.[87]
• Lewis Arquette – actor and father of actors David Arquette and Rosanna Arquette; father-in-law of actress Courteney Cox.[88]
M
• MC Ren – American rapper and hip-hop producer.[89]
• Malcolm X – American to Nation of Islam to Sunni Islam, African-American civil rights leader.[90]
• Malik ul Salih – established the first Muslim state of Samudera Pasai.[91]
• Maryam Jameelah – formerly Margret Marcus. Author of many books covering several subjects, including Modernism, Sociology, History, Jihad, Theology and Technology.[92]
• Maurice Béjart – French choreographer.[93]
• Michael Finton – converted to Islam whilst in prison, who attempted to bomb the Paul Findley Federal Building and the adjacent offices of Congressman Aaron Schock in downtown Springfield, Illinois, on 24 September 2009.[94][95]
• Michael Wolfe – American poet, author, and the President and Executive Producer of Unity Productions Foundation.[96][97]
• Michael X – civil rights activist in the United Kingdom[98]
• Mike Tyson (Malik Abdul Aziz) – former heavyweight boxing champion of the world.[99][100]
• Mohammed Knut Bernström – Swedish ambassador.[101]
• Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.) – an American former professional boxer, generally considered among the greatest heavyweights in the sport’s history.
• Mutah Beale better known as ‘Napoleon,’ former member of Tupac Shakur’s rap group, the Outlawz.[102]
• Myriam Francois-Cerrah, British Journalist.[103]
N
• Nahshid Sulaiman – alternative hip hop artist.[104]
• Nur al-Anwar al-Jerrahi (born Lex Hixon) – syncretist, Sufi convert, and co-founder of the Nur Ashki Jerrahi Sufi Order in the United States.[105]
• Nicolas Anelka a French national team football player who also played for several clubs such as Juventus in Italy and Chelsea in England. He changed his name to Belal.
O
• Omar Ong Yoke Lin – (1917–2010) Malaysian politician, former government minister and founder of the Malaysian Chinese Association.[106]
• Baron omar Rolf von Ehrenfels – Austrian anthropologist and orientalist.[107]
P
• Patrice Lumumba Ford of the Portland Seven, part of a group based in the US charged with aiding the Taliban and al Qaeda.[108]
• Philippe Fragione – French rapper and producer of French hip hop.[109]
• Philippe Grenier – (1865–1944) French doctor, first Muslim MP in France.[110]
Q
• Q-Tip – North American hip-hop emcee, actor, and hip hop producer who was the leader of the critically acclaimed group A Tribe Called Quest.[111]
R
• Robert “Kool” Bell – musician.[112]
• Robert D. Crane – former Presidential advisor and ambassador.[113]
• Rodrigo de Triana – sailor and the first European since the Vikings known to have seen America who converted to Islam from Judaism[114] or Christianity.[115]
• Ronald Bell – musician.[116]
S
• Sahib Shihab – American jazz saxophonist and flautist.[117]
• Saida Miller Khalifa – British author who was originally called Sonya Miller.[118][119]
• Shaheed Akbar – notable rapper who converted to Islam.[120]
• Stephen Schwartz – American journalist, columnist, and author.[121]
• Susanne Osthoff – German archaeologist who had worked in Iraq since 1991 and had been taken captive there for three weeks.[122]
• Sultaana Freeman – known for attempting to sue the state of Florida in order to wear a face veil for her driver’s license picture.[123]
• Thomas J. Abercrombie – famous photographer and writer for National Geographic [124]
• Tiara Jacquelina – Malaysian actress.[125]
• Titus Burckhardt – Swiss writer and scholar.[126]
• Tony Hussein Hinde – Australian-born Maldivian surfer and surfing pioneer who converted to Islam.[127]
• Umar Islam – one of the suspects arrested in the UK in connection to the 2006 transatlantic aircraft terrorist plot in the United Kingdom.[55]
• Uri Davis – an academic and activist who works on civil rights in Israel, Palestinian National Authority and the Middle East.[128]
V
• Vladimir Khodov – leader of the Beslan school hostage crisis- converted in prison.[129]
W
• Walt Hazzard – former NBA player.[130]
Y
• Yusef Lateef – American Jazz musician.[131]
Z
• Zachary Adam Chesser – American Muslim convert to Sunni Islam. Sentenced to 25 years in a federal prison on February 24, 2011.[132]

The Goldern Rule -the way Islam look at it…ref:Wikipedia

Posted: July 2, 2013 in universal values
Tags: , ,
0


Islam[edit]

See also: Islam

Golden Rule

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Golden Rule or ethic of reciprocity is a maxim,[1] ethical code or morality[2] that essentially states either of the following:

  • (Positive form of Golden Rule): One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself.[1]
  • (Negative form of Golden Rule): One should not treat others in ways that one would not like to be treated (also known as the Silver Rule).

This concept describes a “reciprocal”, or “two-way”, relationship between one’s self and others that involves both sides equally, and in a mutual fashion.[3][4]

This concept can be explained from the perspective of psychology, philosophy, sociology and religion. Psychologically, it involves a personempathizing with others. Philosophically, it involves a person perceiving their neighbor as also “an I” or “self.”[3][4] Sociologically, this principle is applicable between individuals, between groups, and also between individuals and groups. (For example, a person living by this rule treats all people with consideration, not just members of his or her in-group). Religion is an integral part of the history of this concept.[1][5]

 

The Golden Rule is implicitly expressed in some verses of the Qur’an, but is explicitly declared in the sayings of Muhammad.

From the Qur’an: the first verse recommends the positive form of the rule, and the subsequent verses condemn not abiding the negative form of the Golden Rule:

“…and you should forgive And overlook: Do you not like God to forgive you? And Allah is The Merciful Forgiving.”

— Qur’an (Surah 24, “The Light,” v. 22)

“Woe to those… who, when they have to receive by measure from men, they demand exact full measure, but when they have to give by measure or weight to men, give less than due”

— Qur’an (Surah 83, “The Dealers in Fraud,” vv. 1–4)

“…orphans and the needy, give them something and speak kindly to them. And those who are concerned about the welfare of their own children after their death, should have fear of God [Treat other people’s Orphans justly] and guide them properly.”

— Qur’an (Surah 4, “The Women,” vv. 8-9)

“O you who believe! Spend [benevolently] of the good things that you have earned… and do not even think of spending [in alms] worthless things that you yourselves would be reluctant to accept.”

— Qur’an (Surah 2, “The Calf,” v. 267)

“They assign daughters to Allah, Who is above having a child [whether male or female] and to themselves they assign what they desire [which is a male child]; And when the news of the birth of a female child is brought to one of them His face darkens and he hides his inward Grief and anger… They attribute to Allah what they dislike [For themselves] and their tongues assert the lie that the best reward will be theirs! Undoubtedly, the Hell fire shall be their lot and they will be foremost [in entering it].”

— Qur’an (Surah 16, “The Honey Bees,” vv. 57-62)

From the hadith, the collected oral and written accounts of Muhammad and his teachings during his lifetime:

A Bedouin came to the prophet, grabbed the stirrup of his camel and said: O the messenger of God! Teach me something to go to heaven with it. Prophet said: “As you would have people do to you, do to them; and what you dislike to be done to you, don’t do to them. Now let the stirrup go! [This maxim is enough for you; go and act in accordance with it!]”

—Kitab al-Kafi, vol. 2, p. 146

“None of you [truly] believes until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself.”

—An-Nawawi’s Forty Hadith 13 (p. 56)[61]

“Seek for mankind that of which you are desirous for yourself, that you may be a believer.”

—Sukhanan-i-Muhammad (Teheran, 1938)[62]

“That which you want for yourself, seek for mankind.”[62]

“The most righteous person is the one who consents for other people what he consents for himself, and who dislikes for them what he dislikes for himself.”[62]

Ali ibn Abi Talib (4th Caliph in Sunni Islam, and first Imam in Shia Islam) says:

“O’ my child, make yourself the measure (for dealings) between you and others. Thus, you should desire for others what you desire for yourself and hate for others what you hate for yourself. Do not oppress as you do not like to be oppressed. Do good to others as you would like good to be done to you. Regard bad for yourself whatever you regard bad for others. Accept that (treatment) from others which you would like others to accept from you… Do not say to others what you do not like to be said to you.”

—Nahjul Balaghah, Letter 31 [63]

 

 

Sports television broadcast contracts.Australia’s status…have a look who have gained access and rights..

Posted: June 20, 2013 in Sports
Tags: , , , ,
0

Sports broadcasting contracts in Australia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article refers to the sports broadcasting contracts in Australia. For a list of other country’s broadcasting rights, see Sports television broadcast contracts.

Certain sporting events are protected by Australia’s Anti-siphoning laws which means free-to-air television broadcasters have the chance to bid on protected events before pay television.

Contents

  [hide]

American Football[edit]

Association Football[edit]

Leagues[edit]

Domestic Cups[edit]

International Club Competitions[edit]

Club Channel Coverage[edit]

International Matches[edit]

International Tournaments[edit]

Other[edit]

Athletics[edit]

Australian Rules Football[edit]

Baseball[edit]

Basketball[edit]

Commonwealth Games[edit]

Cricket[edit]

International[edit]

Domestic/Club[edit]

Exhibition/Other[edit]

Cycling[edit]

Extensive coverage of other tours available on Eurosport and SBS One.

Gaelic Football[edit]

Golf[edit]

Horse-racing[edit]

Ironman(Surf lifesaving)[edit]

  • Australian Club Championship: Seven Network
  • Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain Surf Series Network Ten (2010–2015)[1]
  • Coolangatta Gold
  • Ocean Thunder(Professional Surfboat Series)

Lacrosse[edit]

Motor Racing[edit]

Netball[edit]

Olympics[edit]

Rugby League[edit]

Rugby Union[edit]

Sailing[edit]

Swimming[edit]

Ten-pin bowling[edit]

Tennis[edit]

 

List of People with the most children.How many children do you have?Ramli and Maimunah have 5 children (3boys and 2 girls)

Posted: June 15, 2013 in family
Tags: , , ,
2

 

List of people with the most children

 

See the list below (Ref:Wikipedia)

 

Mothers[edit]

This section lists mothers who have parented the most children.

# Children

Mother/Couple

Notes

69

 Mrs. and Mr. Feodor Vassilyev Vassilyev and his first wife, whose name is unknown, holds the record for most children a couple has parented. She gave birth to a total of 69 children. She gave birth to 16 pairs of twins, 7 sets of triplets and 4 sets of quadruplets between 1725 and 1765, in a total of 27 births. 67 of the 69 children born were said to have survived infancy.[1][2]

57

 Mrs. and Mr. Yakov Kirillov The first wife of peasant Yakov Kirillov from the village of Vvedensky gave birth to 57 children in a total of 21 births. She had 4 sets of quadruplets, 7 sets of triplets and 10 sets of twins. All of the children were alive in 1755, when Kirillov, aged 60, was presented at Court.[3]

55

 Leontina (Espinosa) and Gerardo Secunda Albina Leontina Albina (b. 1926) married in Argentina in 1943 and gave birth to her 55th registered child in San Antonio, Chile, in 1981, aged 55.[4]She claimed to have more 9 children born, but none of them was registered.[5] Gerardo Secunda Albina (b. 1921) stated that and they had 5 sets of triplets (all boys) before coming to Chile. 11 children were lost in an earthquake. Only 40, 24 boys and 16 girls, survived.[6]

52

 Maddalena Granata Maddalena Granata (b. 1839) of the City of Nocera, who married at age 28, had given birth to 52 living and dead children, 49 being males, by 1886. Dr. de Sanctis, of Nocera, stated that she had 15 sets of triplets.[7][8]

42

 Elizabeth and John Mott Elizabeth Mott of Monks Kirby, Warwickshire, married in 1676 and produced 42 live-born children. She died in 1720.[9]

41

 Alice Hookes According to the inscription on a gravestone in Conway Church cemetery, Gwynedd, North Wales, Nicholas Hookes (d. 1637) was the 41st child of his mother Alice Hookes, but there were no further details.[10]

39

 Elizabeth and William Greenhill Thomas Greenhill was the last child of 39 by his mother Elizabeth (1615 – 1681) and William Greenhill.[11] The family consisted of 7 sons and 32 daughters.[12] Not only is this a large number of live newborns but unusual in that apart from one pair of twins they were single births.

35

 Mrs. and Mr. Harrison Mrs. Harrison, the wife of an undertaker residing in Vere Street, London, gave birth to her 35th child by one husband in 1736.[13]

33

 Mary and John Jonas Mary Jonas (1814 – 1899) gave birth to 33 children, including 15 sets of boy-girl twins.[14] All were christened, but few achieved adulthood. 10 children were still alive when their father John died in 1892.[15]

32

 Moddie and Perccell Oliver Mrs. Moddile M.Oliver, aged 50, wife of a Lumberton, N. C., sharecropper, who had already mothered 32 children, was expecting her 33rd in 1959. 22 children were alive at that moment. It was not revealed if the 33rd child was born or not.[16]

32

 Maria Addolorata Casalini Mrs. Casalini (b. 1929) of Brindisi, Italy, married at 17 and gave birth to her 32nd child on November 11, 1970. She had, in 23 confinements, two sets of quadruplets, one of triplets, one of twins and 19 single births. Only 15 children survived.[17]

32

 Madalena and Raimundo Carnauba Madalena Carnauba of Ceilandia, Brazil, married at 13 and gave birth to 32 children, 24 sons and 8 daughters.[18]

32

 Maria Benita Olivera Mrs. Olivera (b. 1939) of San Juan, Argentina, gave birth to her 32nd child on 31 Jan 1989. All children were believed to be alive at that time.[19] She was married twice, and during 32 years of her marriages she had a set of triplets (born at age 13) and two sets of twins.[20]

30

 Rebecca Town Mrs. Town (1807 – 1851) of Keighley, Yorkshire, had 30 children, but only one reached age 3.[21]

28

 Mabel Murphy Mrs. Murphy (b. 1898) of Lisnaskea, Co. Fermanagh, N. Ireland was reported to have produced 28 children (12 stillborn) in 32 years of marriage by December 1949, but this claim has not been fully substantiated.[22]

25

 Lapa Piagenti and Giacomo di Benincasa Their 23rd child was Saint Catherine of Siena.[23]

25

 Ada Watson Mrs. Watson (1886 – 1974) of Cambridge gave birth to 25 children, including 3 sets of twins, during the period 1904 – 1931. All of the children attained majority.[24]

24

 Woman from Isle of Sky, Scotland Woman married to a clergyman in Isle of Sky, Scotland, had 24 children, according to 1970’s reference Guinness Book of Records.[citation needed]

24

 Kathleen Scott Mrs. Scott (b. 4 July 1914) of Dublin gave birth to her 24th child on 9 Aug 1958. Twenty of her children were still alive in 1990.[25]

24

 Marcella S. (Mills) Big Crow and James M. Big Crow Sr. Marcella Mills-Big Crow (1924-1989) of Pine Ridge, South Dakota had 24 children, including 8 pairs of twins. Five of them died in infancy.[26]

23

 Queen Darejan and King Heraclius II of Georgia They had a total of 23 children, 13 of whom lived to adulthood.

23

 Tabatha Marcum and Silas Mainord Married in 1811, they lived in Overton County, Tennessee and produced 23 children. One of their daughters, Syreana, later became the mother of 17.[27]

23

 Grace Bagnato Grace Bagnato and her husband had 23 children; 9 of these were conceived in order to compete for a bequest by a Toronto eccentric, in what became known as the Great Stork Derby.[28]

22

 Marie Massicotte and Philippe Dontigny Born between 1888 and 1915 at Champlain, Québec; 14 of the children died in infancy. There were no multiple births.[29]

22

 Mabel Constable Mrs. Constable (b. 1920), of Long Itchington, Warwicks, gave birth to 22 children, including a set of triplets and two sets of twins.[30]

22

 Margaret McNaught Mrs. McNaught (b. 1923), of Balsall Heath, Birmingham, gave birth to 22 children, 12 boys (2 of them died in infancy) and 10 girls, all single births.[31]

21

 Olivia (Whitmore) and Arthur Guinness Guinness was an Irish brewer. Only ten of their children lived to adulthood.[32]

21

 Anna and Henry Crocker 18 of their children lived to adulthood.[33]

20

 Marie Verrault and Pierre Edouard Cauchon Born between 1853 and 1882 at Château-Richer, Québec, 16 of the children in infancy, and one as a young adult. There were no multiple births.[29]

20

 Rose Alma and Roland Letendre The youngest died as a result of birth injury. All the children were born in Drummondville, Quebec, Canada. The combined age of the mother (94) and 19 children (72–50) adds up to 1256 years as of August 25, 2012.[34]

20

 The mother of Maria Goncales Moreira Not much is known about this case except the fact that she had 10 sets of twins. Her daughter also has 10 sets of twins (see below).[35]

20

 Maria Goncales Moreira Mrs. Moreira of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, gave birth to her 10th set of twins (identical boys) on July 3, 1984. Her other twins were 16 girls and 2 boys. She delivered the first at age 13. Her mother also has 10 sets of twins.[35]

20

 Jessie Campbell Mrs. Campbell (b. 1946) of Struan, Isle of Skye, Scotland, gave birth to her 20th child on 22 Jan 1990.[36]

20

 Leonora and Yanosh Nameni Leonora Nameni gave birth to her 20th child in 2011, at the age of 41, becoming the most prolific mother in Ukraine. The Nameni family of 10 sons and 10 daughters lives in a village in West Ukraine.[37]

19

 Marie Hébert and Jean-Baptiste Brodeur dit Lavigne Born between 1713 and 1739 at Varennes, Québec, 11 of the children died in infancy. There were no multiple births.[29]

19

 Michelle and Jim Bob Duggar The family is the subject of the reality TV show, 19 Kids and Counting.[38]

19

 Jose Luis Barrera and Adela Barrera Vargas 19 total children, 14 lived to adulthood.[citation needed]

19

 Susannah (Annesley) and Samuel Wesley 10 of their children lived to adulthood.[39]

19

 Kelly and Gil Bates Friends of Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar. The family is the subject of United Bates of America.

18

 Ellen and John Currie 18 total children born between 1932 and 1955. 14 survived to adulthood. She gave birth to 4 pairs of twins.[citation needed]

18

 Claudia Maria da Silva Claudia Maria da Silva, an unemployed woman from Sao Paolo, southeast Brazil, gave birth to her 18th child in 2007, aged 40. The father of the newborn girl was only 15 years old, a friend of one of Maria’s sons. Da Silva said she had been aware of contraception methods but chose never to use them, and gave birth to her first child at age 11. Since then she has been pregnant 27 times and has had nine abortions. Of her 18 children, only three were living with her.[40]

18

 Fatma and Mehmet Saygi Fatma Saygi of Adana, Turkey, gave birth to her 6th set of triplets in 2004, at the age of 28. Eight children from previous pregnancies were alive at that moment.[41]

18

 Livia and Alexandru Ionce Livia Ionce gave birth to her 18th child, a girl, in British Columbia in 2008, at the age of 44 when their other 17 children, 9 girls and 8 boys, were from 20 months to 23 years old. Ionces immigrated to Canada from Romania in 1990. Alexandru Ionce said he did not know if they would have more children.[42]

17

 Elizabeth (Morris) and Vladistoff Skeminski 17 children total, six lived to adulthood.[citation needed]

17

 Juliana of Stolberg She had 5 children with her first husband Philip II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg and 12 with her second husband William I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg.

17

 Maria and Ivan Mendeleev Famous Russian chemist and inventor Dmitri Mendeleev was 17th child of his parents. Eight of his siblings died in infancy and one sister died form tuberculosis aged 14.[43]

17

 Syreana Mainord and Allen Brock Hull They lived in Overton County, Tennessee and produced 17 children. One son of their son William Pascal Hull was polititan Cordell Hull.[27]

17

 Ruth and Chalmers Montgomery Mrs. Montgomery gave birth to her 17th child in 1950. 14 of her children were alive at that time.[44]

17

 Unidentified couple from Melbourne A woman from Melbourne who already had 12 children, gave birth to naturally-conceived quintuplets in 2010, at the age of 48. One of the quints died soon after birth.[45]

17

 Zynaida and Vladimir Chernenko A family from Rancho Cordova, California, celebrated the birth of their 17th child in 2005. 11 children were born in Ukraine, before the family moved to the U.S.[46]

16

 Maria Theresa and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 13 survived infancy.

16

 Angel Adams A dozen of her children lived with her in a motel room. These children have now been put into foster care.[47]

16

 Florence and John Dooley 16 children, 14 survived infancy. Married in Chicago in 1910, they had 9 boys and 5 girls born between 1912 and 1937. Florence Dooley was profiled in a 1985 Lisle Sun newspaper article for her 90th birthday. She died in 1995 at age 101, and John Dooley died in 1976 at age 91.[48]

16

 Christi and David Cason David and Christi Cason of Lake Elsinore, California have 16 children (17th child due 10-25-2013), 9 boys and 7 girls, 6 losses.[49]

16

 Gertrude Markham Gertrude Markham from Linconshire delivered 16; 11 of the 12 who were born alive, achieved adulthood.[citation needed]

16

 Mary and John Wagner From Defiance, Ohio; all their children lived well into adulthood and produced 71 grandchildren.[50]

16

 Sue and Noel Radford 16 children currently, the last being born in November. The Radfords are amongst the largest families in modern Britain and support themselves by their family-run bakery. They live in a 10-bedroom converted nursing home; the children run from 4 months to 23 years old.[51]

 

Fathers[edit]

This section lists fathers who have fathered the most children, usually with many different women. In most cases, fathers who have parented large numbers of children can be attributed topolygamy. Numbers in italics are inexact.

# Children

Father

Notes

888

 Ismail Ibn Sharif Alaouite sultan, said to have fathered 525 sons and 342 daughters with multiple wives and concubines.[52]

300-600

 Bertold Wiesner Fertility doctor, used his own sperm to impregnate customers between 1943 and 1962.[53] Father of Eva Ibbotson.

210

 King Sobhuza II King of Swaziland, lived 1899–1982; thought to have had 70 wives.

177

 Sultan Ibrahim Njoya King of Bamum in Cameroon, lived 1860–1933, and thought to have had ‘around 600’ wives; he was said to have had 149 children by December 1915.[54]

162

 Ramesses II Egyptian pharaoh; see also: List of children of Ramesses II.

160+

 Ancentus Akuku This Kenyan polygamist, full name Ancentus Ogwella Akuku, known as ‘Danger’, lived 1916–2010; he married ‘more than 100 times’ and had fathered ‘at least 160 children’ when he married his final wife in 2000.[55] An unsubstantiated article from the East African Standard claimed 210 children: 104 daughters and 106 sons, by some 130 wives.[56]

158

 Jack Kigongo Lived in Kateera, Uganda, 1909–2012; he had 20 wives, and when he died aged 103, around 500 grandchildren.[57]

150

 Anonymous sperm donor One of the US sperm donors was found to have produced at least 150 children.[58]

142

 Emperor Minh Mang Reported to have had 142 children.[59]

121

 Winston Blackmore Leader of the Mormon fundamentalist sect called the Blackmore/Bountiful Community,[60] fathered children through as many as 25 wives.[61]

106–115

 Saud of Saudi Arabia King Saud, son of Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, lived 1902–1969; according to one source he had 52 sons and about 54 daughters from ‘a wider range of women’ than his father (who only had 22 wives);[62] however, another source credited him with 115.[63]

108+

 Fath-Ali Shah Qajar The second Shah of the Qajar dynasty of Iran, Fath-Ali (1772–1834), had 48 daughters and 60 sons ‘who survived infancy’, as a result of the 160+ marriages by which he had consolidated his control over the country. Many of his descendents went on to become prominent figures.[64]

<100

 Augustus John The Welsh painter is widely reported to have fathered ‘up to 100 children’, mostly outside marriage, although some believe that this figure is greatly exaggerated.[65]

94

 Ziona Chana Leader of a polygamist sect in the Mizoram state of India, has 94 children with 39 wives, as well as 33 grandchildren.[66]

87

 Feodor Vassilyev Feodor Vassilyev, a peasant from Shuya, Russia, had 69 children with his first wife and 18 with second. 84 of his kids survived to adulthood.[67]

49–89

 Goel Ratzon Jewish cult leader and Messiah claimant, born in 1951; in 2010 he reportedly had ‘21 wives’, with whom he had fathered 49 children (CNN data), or ‘more than 30 wives’ and 89 children (Time magazine data). The statistics came to light when he was charged with enslavement and rape.[68][69]

77

 Chulalongkorn King Chulalongkorn, Thailand’s fifth monarch; he had 92 consorts during his lifetime who produced 77 children, of which 33 were sons and 44 were daughters.

75

 Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia King Abdulaziz, the first monarch of Saudi Arabia, lived 1876–1953; he had 45 recorded sons and about 30 daughters from 22 wives and concubines; by 2001 he had 2,500–3,500 direct descendants.[62]

75

 Screamin’ Jay Hawkins[citation needed] Rock and roll singer. 57 confirmed children, possibly as many as 75.

75

 Cecil Byran Jacobson Fertility doctor suspected of fathering as many as 75 children by impregnating patients with his own sperm.

74

 Ben Seisler Ben Seisler, who spent three years donating sperm to a Virginia sperm bank to offset law-school expenses, recently learned that his donations have produced 74 children.[70]

72

 Ramon Revilla Filipino actor and former senator, fathered children through 16 different women.[71]

65

 Heber C. Kimball First Counselor of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, fathered children through 17 of his 43 wives.

65

 Rulon Jeffs President of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, fathered children through as many as 75 wives.[72]

60

 Warren Jeffs President of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, fathered children through as many as 70 wives.[72]

57

 Brigham Young President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, fathered children through 16 of his 55 wives.

55

 Kangxi Emperor Chinese emperor, lived 1654–1722; he fathered 35 sons and 20 daughters from numerous wives and concubines.

54+

 Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden Yemeni emigrant to Saudi Arabia, married 22 times and fathered at least 54 children.[73] Osama bin Laden is believed to have been his 17th son.

50

 Jean-Bedel Bokassa Dictator of the Central African Republic, lived 1921–1996; had 17 wives.

45

 Orson Pratt Orson Pratt (Sr.), polymath, and an apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, lived 1811–1881; he fathered 45 children through his ten wives.

30–45

 Idi Amin Dictator of Uganda, lived 1925–2003; he had 17 wives.

43

 Anonymous sperm donor Danish sperm donor, who fathered 43 children at 14 different IVF clinics in 10 different countries, passed on a genetic disorder to at least five children born from IVF procedures. The man was allowed to continue donating sperm, despite Danish national rules restrict donations to 25 times.[74]

42

 Lorenzo Snow President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, fathered children through his 9 wives.

40+

 Joseph Kony Ugandan warlord, born in 1961; reported to have 88 ‘wives’.

35+

 King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia The present King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, born in 1924; he has fathered at least 35 children to date, by thirteen wives.[75]

34

 John Taylor President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, fathered children through his seven wives.

33

 Wilford Woodruff President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, fathered children through his five (possible 6) wives.

30+

 Omar Bongo President of Gabon, lived 1935–2009; number of wives not recorded.

30

 Miles Park Romney Mormon and great-grandfather of Mitt Romney, fathered 30 children with five wives;[76] he married the last in 1890, just before the 1890 Manifesto.

30

 Tom Green Mormon fundamentalist, fathered children through with ten women.[77]

26

 Henry I of England 3 legitimate children by his first wife, 23 acknowledged illegitimate children.

25

 Dr. Samuel Annesley Susanna Wesley was the 25th of his children.

24

 Robert I, Duke of Parma Fathered 24 children with his two wives, 12 from each marriage.

24

 Desmond Hatchett Fathered 24 children, according to Knox County, Tennessee Juvenile Court records. A Los Angeles Times article and Memphis television station WREG erroneously reported that he fathered 30 children.[78]

23

 King Mswati III King of Swaziland, born 1968; he has 14 wives (as of 2012).

22+

 Jacob Zuma President of South Africa, born in 1942; he has fathered at least 22 children to date, with five wives and some others out of wedlock; some sources claim 24 children.

22

 Ed Rudolph Fathered 22 children, one of them being 3-time gold winning Olympic athlete Wilma Rudolph.[79]

22

 Richard Lovell Edgeworth An Anglo-Irish politician, who fathered 22 children with four wives.

22

 James II of England The children were born between 1660 and 1692. Of these, 15 were legitimate: eight by his first wife, Anne Hyde, and seven by his second wife, Mary of Modena.

21

 John VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg Fathered children with 3 wives.

21

 Carlos Gracie Martial arts practitioner, lived 1902–1994; number of wives not recorded.

21

 Nanu Ram Jogi Indian farmer, fathered 21 children with 4 wives. He was the world’s oldest father when he fathered his 21st child at the age of 90.[80]

20

 Charlemagne Emperor of the Franks, lived 742–814; fathered 20 children with three wives and five concubines, between 757 and 807.

20

 Johann Sebastian Bach German composer, lived 1685–1750; fathered children with two wives.

 

The World’s Most Expensive Paintings -read this info from Wikipedia..

Posted: October 22, 2012 in wealth and financial freedom, works of art
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0

List of most expensive paintings

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

The Card Players by Paul Cézanne is currently the most expensive painting ever sold.

This is a list of the highest known prices paid for paintings. The earliest sale on the list (Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers by Vincent van Gogh) is from 1987, and more than tripled the previous record price, set only two years before, introducing a new era in top picture prices. The sale was also significant in that for the first time a “modern” painting (in this case from 1888) became the record holder, as opposed to the old master paintings which had always previously held it. Since that time sales of the most valuable paintings have usually been made at auctions, though that had by no means always been the case before, and the list below still shows some “private sales”, including the four most expensive. The current record price was paid for The Card Players by Paul Cézanne, which was sold for more than $250 million in 2011.[1][2][3]

Background

The world’s most famous paintings, especially old master works done before 1800, are generally owned or held at museums, for viewing for patrons. The museums very rarely sell them, and as such, they are quite literally priceless. Guinness World Records lists the Mona Lisa as having the highest insurance value for a painting in history. It was assessed at US$100 million on December 14, 1962, before the painting toured the United States for several months. However, the Louvre chose to spend the money that would have been spent on the insurance premium on security instead. Taking inflation into account, the 1962 value would be around US$768 million today.

The earliest sale on the list below (Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers by Vincent van Gogh) is from March 1987; with a price of £24.75 million ($81 million in current dollars) it tripled the previous record and introduced a new era in top art sales. Before this, the highest absolute price paid for a painting was £8.1 million ($23 million in current dollars) paid by the J. Paul Getty Museum forMantegna‘s Adoration of the Magi at Christie’s in London on April 18, 1985.[4] In constant dollars, the highest price paid before 1987 was by the National Gallery of Art when in February 1967 they acquired Leonardo da Vinci‘s Ginevra de’ Benci for around $5 million ($35 million in current dollars) from the Princely Family of Liechtenstein. The sale of Van Gogh’s Sunflowers was also significant in that for the first time a “modern” (in this case 1888) painting became the record holder, as opposed to the old master paintings which previously had dominated the market. In contrast, there are currently only six pre-1850 paintings among the top 43 listed.

Van Gogh and Picasso

Vincent van Gogh and Pablo Picasso are by far the best represented artists in the list. Whereas Picasso became a wealthy man, Van Gogh (supposedly) sold only one painting in his lifetime,The Red Vineyard, for 400 Francs (about $1600 in 2011) to the impressionist painter and heiress Anna Boch.[5] His seven paintings in the list below alone were sold for over 700 million current dollars.

[edit]List of highest prices paid at auctions or private sales (inflation adjusted)

This list is ordered by consumer price index inflation-adjusted value[note 1] (in bold) in millions of March 2012 United States dollars. Where necessary, the price is first converted to dollars using the exchange rate at the time the painting was sold. The inflation adjustment may change as recent inflation rates are often revised. A list in another currency may be in a slightly different order due to exchange rate fluctuations. Paintings are only listed once, i.e. for the highest price sold.

Adjusted price (in millions) Original price (in millions) Painting Artist Year Date of sale Rank at sale Seller Buyer Auction house
$254 $250 +[note 2] The Card Players Paul Cézanne 1892/93 2011 1 George Embiricos Royal Family of Qatar Private sale [1][2][3]
$159.4 $140 No. 5, 1948 Jackson Pollock 1948 November 2, 2006 1 David Geffen Private sale viaSotheby’s[6]
$156.5 $137.5 Woman III Willem de Kooning 1953 November 18, 2006 2 David Geffen Steven A. Cohen Private sale via Larry Gagosian[7]
$152.6 $135 Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I Gustav Klimt 1907 June 18, 2006 1 Maria Altmann Ronald Lauder, Neue Galerie Private sale viaChristie’s[8]
$146.5 $82.5 Portrait of Dr. Gachet Vincent van Gogh 1890 May 15, 1990 1 Siegfried Kramarsky family Ryoei Saito[note 3] Christie’s, New York
$138.7 $78.1 Bal du moulin de la Galette[note 4] Pierre-Auguste Renoir 1876 May 17, 1990 2 Betsey Whitney Ryoei Saito[note 5] Sotheby’s, New York
$126.4 $104.2 Garçon à la pipe Pablo Picasso 1905 May 4, 2004 3 Greentree foundation(Whitney family) Barilla Group?[9] Sotheby’s, New York[10]
$119.9 $119.9 The Scream[note 6] Edvard Munch 1895 May 2, 2012 8 Petter Olsen Leon Black [11] Sotheby’s, New York
$112.0 $106.5 Nude, Green Leaves and Bust Pablo Picasso 1932 May 4, 2010 7 Frances Lasker Brody estate Christie’s, New York[12]
$108 ++ $58 plus exchange of works[note 7] Portrait of Joseph Roulin Vincent van Gogh 1889 August 1, 1989 1 Private collection, Zürich Museum of Modern Art New York Private sale via Thomas Ammann, Fine Art Zurich[13]
$107.9 $95.2 Dora Maar au Chat Pablo Picasso 1941 May 3, 2006 4 Gidwitz family Boris Ivanishvili[14] Sotheby’s, New York[15]
$107.2 $53.9 Irises Vincent van Gogh 1889 November 11, 1987 1 son of Joan Whitney Payson Alan Bond[note 8] Sotheby’s, New York
$105.9 $100.0 Eight Elvises Andy Warhol 1963 October 2008 10 Annibale Berlingieri Private sale via Philippe Ségalot[16]
$100.1 $87.9 Adele Bloch-Bauer II Gustav Klimt 1912 November 2, 2006 9 Maria Altmann Christie’s, New York
$100.0 $71.5 Portrait de l’artiste sans barbe Vincent van Gogh 1889 November 19, 1998 5 Heirs of Jacques Koerfer Christie’s, New York
$97.7 $76.7 (£49.5) Massacre of the Innocents Peter Paul Rubens 1611 July 10, 2002 6 an Austrian family Kenneth Thomson[note 9] Sotheby’s, London
$91.4 $86.3 Triptych, 1976 Francis Bacon 1976 May 14, 2008 13 Moueix Family,Château Pétrus[17] Roman Abramovich[18] Sotheby’s, New York[19]
$90.9 $80.0 False Start[note 10] Jasper Johns 1959 October 12, 2006 10 David Geffen Kenneth C. Griffin Private sale via Richard Gray [20]
$90.7 $57 A Wheatfield with Cypresses Vincent van Gogh 1889 May 1993 5 son of Emil Georg Bührle Walter H. Annenberg[note 11] Private sale via Steven Mazoh
$89.9 $49.3 (F300) Les Noces de Pierrette Pablo Picasso 1905 November 30, 1989 3 Fredrik Roos[21] Tomonori Tsurumaki Binoche et Godeau Paris
$88.7 $47.85 Yo, Picasso Pablo Picasso 1901 May 9, 1989 2 Wendell Cherry Stavros Niarchos Sotheby’s, New York
$88.3 $80.0 Turquoise Marilyn Andy Warhol 1964 May 20, 2007 17 Stefan Edlis Steven A. Cohen Private sale via Larry Gagosian[22]
$87.0 $70.0 Portrait of Alfonso d’Avalos, Marquis of Vasto, in Armor with a Page Titian 1533 November 2003 10 AXA insurance company Getty Museum Private sale via Hervé Aaron[23][24]
$86.9 $86.9 Orange, Red, Yellow Mark Rothko 1961 May 8, 2012 20 Estate of David Pincus Christie’s, New York[25]
$84.5 $80.5 (£40.9) Le Bassin aux Nymphéas Claude Monet 1919 June 24, 2008 20 J. Irwin and Xenia S. Miller Christie’s, London[26]
$83.5 $60.5 Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier[note 12] Paul Cézanne 1894 May 10, 1999 9 Whitney Family Sotheby’s, New York
$81.2 $39.7 (£24.75) Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers Vincent van Gogh 1888 March 30, 1987 1 daughter-in-law ofChester Beatty Yasuo Goto, Yasuda Comp. Christie’s, London
$80.4 $72.8 White Center (Yellow, Pink and Lavender on Rose) Mark Rothko 1950 May 15, 2007 21 David Rockefeller, Sr. Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani[27] Sotheby’s, New York[28]
$79.1 $71.7 Green Car Crash (Green Burning Car I) Andy Warhol 1963 May 16, 2007 22 Private collection, Zürich Philip Niarchos Christie’s, New York[29]
$76.4 $70.6 (£50) Diana and Actaeon Titian 1556–1559 February 1, 2009 26 Duke of Sutherland National Galleries of Scotland & National Gallery, London Private sale[30][31][32]
$76.2 $75 (€50-60)[note 13] Darmstadt Madonna Hans Holbein 1526 July 12, 2011 27 Donatus, Hereditary Prince of Hesse Reinhold Würth Private sale via Christoph Graf Douglas[33]
$75.5 $68 The Gross Clinic Thomas Eakins 1875 April 12, 2007 21 Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Museum of Art Private sale.[34]
$74.2 $40.7 Au Lapin Agile Pablo Picasso 1904 November 27, 1989 5 daughter of Joan Whitney Payson Walter H. Annenberg Sotheby’s, New York
$73.5 $38.5 (£20.9) Acrobate et jeune arlequin[35] Pablo Picasso 1905 November 28, 1988 3 heir of Roger Janssen? [note 14] Mitsukoshi Christie’s, London
$72.5 $55.0 Femme aux Bras Croisés Pablo Picasso 1902 November 8, 2000 13 McCormick family, Chicago Christie’s, New York[36]
$72.3 $69.0 Nude Sitting on a Divan (“La Belle Romaine”) Amedeo Modigliani 1917 November 2, 2010 32 Halit Cingillioğlu[37] Sotheby’s, New York[38]
$72.2 $63.5 Police Gazette [8] Willem de Kooning 1955 October 12, 2006 20 David Geffen Steven A. Cohen Private sale via Richard Gray [20]
$68.7 $48.4 Le Rêve[note 15] Pablo Picasso 1932 November 10, 1997 11 Ganz family[39] Wolfgang Flöttl[40] Christie’s, New York.
$67.9 $47.5 Peasant Woman Against a Background of Wheat Vincent van Gogh 1890 1997 11 Stephen Wynn[note 16] Private sale via Acquavella Galleries Inc., New York[41]
$67.6 $49.6 Femme assise dans un jardin Pablo Picasso 1938 November 10, 1999 15 Robert Saidenberg[42] Sotheby’s, New York
$66.5 $65.5 (¥425.5) Eagle Standing on Pine Tree[43] Qi Baishi 1946 May 22, 2011 37 Liu Yiqian Hunan TV & Broadcast Intermediary Co[44] China Guardian Auctions
$66.5 $63.4 Men in Her Life Andy Warhol 1962 November 8, 2010 36 Jose Mugrabi Phillips de Pury & Company[45]
$65.2 $35.2 Portrait of a Halberdier Pontormo 1537 May 31, 1989 5 Chauncey Devereaux Stillman Getty Museum Christie’s, New York
$64.8 $60.0 Suprematist Composition Kazimir Malevich 1916 November 3, 2008 35 Heirs of Kazimir Malevich Sotheby’s, New York[46]
$63.1 $62.1 (¥402.5) Zhichuan Resettlement[47] Wang Meng 1350 June 4, 2011 41 Beijing Poly Auction
$62.6 $61.7 1949-A-No.1 Clyfford Still 1949 November 9, 2011 43 City and County of Denver Sotheby’s, New York[48]

 

 

Rukun Iman -Marilah kita belajar,fahami,amal dan istiqamah dengan menjiwai Rukun Iman dalam Islam.

Posted: July 19, 2012 in All about Islam
Tags: , , ,
0

rujukan Wikipedia.

Iman

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.

Erti Iman (الإيمان) secara harafiah dalam Islam adalah bererti percaya kepada Allah. Dengan itu orang yang beriman adalah ditakrifkan sebagai orang yang percaya (mukmin). Siapa yang percaya maka dia dikatakan beriman. Perkataan Iman (إيمان) diambil dari kata kerja ‘aamana’ (أمن) — yukminu’ (يوءمن) yang bererti ‘percaya’ atau ‘membenarkan’. Perkataan Iman yang bererti ‘membenarkan’ itu disebutkan dalam al-Quran, di antaranya dalam Surah At-Taubah ayat 62 yang bermaksud:

“Dia (Muhammad) itu membenarkan (mempercayai) kepada Allah dan membenarkan kepada para orang yang beriman.”

Takrif Iman menurut istilah syariat Islam ialah seperti diucapkan oleh Ali bin Abi Talib r.a. yang bermaksud: “Iman itu ucapan dengan lidah dan kepercayaan yang benar dengan hati dan perbuatan dengan anggota.”

Aisyah r.a. pula berkata: “Iman kepada Allah itu mengakui dengan lisan dan membenarkan dengan hati dan mengerjakan dengan anggota.”

Imam al-Ghazali menghuraikan makna Iman adalah: “Pengakuan dengan lidah (lisan) membenarkan pengakuan itu dengan hati dan mengamalkannya dengan rukun-rukun (anggota-anggota).”

Iman ialah membenarkan dengan hati, menyatakan dengan lisan, dan melakukan dengan anggota badan. Ringkasnya orang yang beriman ialah orang yang percaya, mengaku dan beramal. Tanpa tiga syarat ini, seseorang itu belumlah dikatakan beriman yang sempurna. Ketiadaan satu sahaja dari yang tiga itu, sudah lainlah nama yang Islam berikan pada seseorang itu, iaitu fasik, munafik atau kafir.

Rukun Iman

Rukun Iman bagi orang Islam ada 6 perkara iaitu :-

  1. Percaya kepada Allah
  2. Percaya kepada malaikat
  3. Percaya kepada kitab
  4. Percaya kepada nabi dan rasul
  5. Percaya kepada hari akhirat
  6. Percaya kepada qada dan qadar

(Lihat juga:Rukun Iman)

Percaya kepada Allah

Konsep yang paling asas ialah percaya bahawa tuhan itu satu (Tauhid). Konsep keesaan Allah ini adalah mutlak, dan tidak relatif kepada apa apa jua yang wujud di dunia ini. Dalam Surah Al-Ikhlas,

وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌ o لَمْ يَلِدْ وَلَمْ يُولَدْ o اللَّهُ الصَّمَدُ o قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ

—Surah Al-Ikhlas, Ayat 1-4

“Katalah (wahai Muhammad) bahawa Allah itu tunggal. Allah tempat meminta. Tidak Dia beranak dan tidak juga Dia diperanakkan. Dan tiada yang serupa denganNya, Dialah Tuhan yang Esa.”

Dalam Bahasa Melayu, perkataan Allah sememangnya dikhaskan untuk merujuk Tuhan dalam Islam. Walaubagaimanapun, perkataan Arab Allah boleh diterjemahkan juga kepada perkataan Tuhan kerana Allah bukanlah nama khas untukNya. Ini berbeza dengan Yahudi, kerana nama Yahweh adalah nama khas tuhan mereka. Walaupun tiada imej visual Tuhan atau gambaran mengenaiNya (disebabkan larangan dalam memuja sesuatu), Muslim mendefinisi Tuhan melalui sifat-sifatNya, yang dikenali sebagai 99 nama Allah.

Wajib bagi orang Islam lelaki dan perempuan yang telah baligh dan berakal untuk mengetahui sifat-sifat wajib bagi Allah, sifat-sifat mustahil dan sifat jaizNya, yang jumlah kesemuanya ada 41. Sifat-sifat wajib Allah ada dua puluh, sifat-sifat mustahil juga dua puluh dan sifat harus/jaizNya ada satu.

Allah ialah nama bagi Tuhan yang sebenar. Allah yang mencipta seluruh alam dan isinya. Allah yang mengatur dan menjaganya. Allah tidak boleh dilihat, tetapi bukti-bukti sangat banyak untuk menunjukkan pada akal yang waras dan adil bahawa Allah itu wajib ada. Bukan sekadar kita wajib mempercayai bahawa Allah itu ada, bahkan wajib pula kita menyembah NYA.

Untuk hendak mempercayai Allah dan menyembah NYA, manusia wajib mengenal Allah dengan betul. Dan untuk hendak mengenali Allah dengan betul, manusia mestilah mencari dan mengkaji dalil-dalil dari Al Quran, Hadis dan Akal. Jika kita tidak mengenal Allah dengan betul, nescaya akan sesat dan kafirlah kita.

Percaya kepada Para Malaikat

Rencana utama: Malaikat

Rukun iman yang kedua ialah percaya kepada Malaikat. Setiap muslim yang mengucap syahadah wajib mempercayai adanya malaikat. Malaikat juga adalah makhluk Allah yang diciptakan dari cahaya. Zat malaikat adalah halus, tidak nampak oleh mata kasar manusia biasa tetapi mampu dilihat oleh manusia yang luar biasa seperti Nabi dan Rasul. Rupa malaikat yang sebenar hanya Allah sahaja yang tahu. Namun berdasarkan hadis, malaikat mampu menjelma dalam pelbagai rupa manusia dan bentuk makhluk yang lain. Ia berakal, boleh berkata-kata dan boleh bergerak ke suatu jarak yang jauh dalam masa yang singkat. Keadaan malaikat semata-mata adalah untuk taat dan menjalankan titah perintah Allah. Malaikat itu tidak makan dan tidak minum, tidak mengantuk dan tidak tidak tidur, tidak juga ia berasa penat dan letih.

Malaikat sangat banyak bilangannya dan Allah sahaja yang tahu bilangan sebenarnya. Dalam ilmu Tauhid, umat Islam diwajibkan mengenal 10 malaikat dan tugasan mereka. Iaitu :

  • Malaikat Jibrail : Tugasnya membawa wahyu dari Allah Ta’ala kepada Rasul-rasul dan Nabi-nabi, juga menguruskan bala seperti gempa bumi, air bah, ribut dan lain-lain lagi.
  • Malaikat Mikail : Tugasnya membawa rezeki dengan menumbuhkan tumbuh-tumbuhan, membiakkan haiwan, mengeluarkan hasil galian bumi.
  • Malaikat Israfil : Tugasnya untuk meniup “sangkakala” ketika sampai masa kiamat iaitu bumi akan hancur dab sekali lagi ia meniup sangkakala itu ketika sampai masa manusia hidup semula dan keluar dari kubur untuk perhitungan di akhirat.
  • Malaikat Maut : Tugasnya ialah mengambil nyawa, iaitu mematikan apabila sudah sampai ajal, dan tugasnya mengambil nyawa tidak akan cepat sesaat dan tidak akan lewat sesaat.
  • Malaikat Munkar : Tugasnya menyoal orang mati di alam kubur.
  • Malaikat Nakir : Tugasnya menyoal orang mati di alam kubur.
  • Malaikat Raqib : Tugasnya ialah menulis pahala bagi orang yang membuat kebaikan.
  • Malaikat Atid : Tugasnya adalah untuk menulis dosa bagi orang yang membuat mungkar dan kejahatan.
  • Malaikat Ridhwan : Tugasnya menjaga syurga.
  • Malaikat Malik : Tugasnya menjaga neraka.

Frman Allah Ta’ala Surah At Tahrim ayat 66:

Malaikat itu tidak menderhaka kepada Allah mengenai apa yang DIA perintah kepada mereka, dan mereka membuat apa jua perintah oleh-NYA.

Malaikat dijadikan Allah untuk menjalankan tugas-tugas yang tertentu dan berlainan. Setiap tugasan yang diberikan Allah kepada Malaikat, akan dilakukan oleh Malaikat tanpa kompromi.

Zaman sekarang, sudah ada orang yang mendakwa mampu menghalang tugas Malaikat. Ada yang mendakwa boleh “slow talk” dengan ‘Izrail untuk tidak mencabut nyawa seseorang. Sedangkan ‘Izrail yang ditugaskan untuk mencabut nyawa, apabila sudah sampai ajal seseorang sebagaimana yang tertulis di Lauh Mahfuz, ‘Izrail akan menjalankan perintah yang Allah arahkan dengan mencabut ajal makhluk tersebut, tidak cepat sesaat dan tidak lewat sesaat. Begitulah yang diperjelaskan dalam ilmu Tauhid Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah. Jelas menunjukkan dakwaan ahli bidaah ini bertentangan dengan Al Quran Surah At Tahrim ayat ke 66. Sekaligus kenyataan dan dakwaan mereka telah membatalkan keIslaman dan keimanan mereka.

Percaya adanya Malaikat yang telah diciptakan oleh Allah untuk melaksanakan perintah Allah. Allah menciptakan Malaikat dari Nur iaitu cahaya. Maka, Malaikat tidak terdiri daripada jisim dan tidak diberikan nafsu untuk makan, minum atau tidur. Malaikat juga tidak mempunyai jantina untuk memudahkan mereka mentaati Allah sepanjang masa.

Percaya kepada Kitab-Kitab Allah

Rencana utama: Kitab

Salah satu daripada Rukun Iman agama Islam adalah percaya kepada kitab-kitab yang telah diturunkan oleh Allah.

Orang Islam percaya bahawa Allah telah menurunkan kitab-kitab kepada para nabi dan rasul untuk membimbing manusia ke jalan yang benar. Ia diakhiri dengan kitab Al-Quran.

Kitab-kitab terbahagi dua:

Suhuf – Pedoman yang tidak begitu lengkap mengandungi hanya hukum-hakam dasar yang perlu diterangkan kepada manusia umumnya. Jumlah suhuf 100 buah

  • Nabi Allah Shith(a.s) 50 suhuf
  • Nabi Allah Idris(a.s) 30 suhuf
  • Nabi Allah Ibrahim(a.s) 10 suhuf
  • Nabi Allah Musa(a.s) 10 suhuf

Kitab-kitab yang wajib diimankan adalah:

Orang Islam percaya bahawa pada masa kini, kitab-kitab selain Al-Quran telah diubahsuai mengikut kehendak pihak-pihak tertentu; maka ia bukan lagi merupakan naskah-naskah yang tulen. Al-Quran menyempurnakan segala kitab-kitab yang terdahulu.

Percaya kepada Nabi dan Rasul

Rencana utama: Nabi

Beriman kepada nabi dan rasul ialah meyakini bahwa nabi dan rasul itu benar-benar diangkat oleh Allah SWT untuk membimbing manusia ke arah jalan hidup yang baik yang diredhai Allah. Islam mengajar umatnya bahawa Allah menyampaikan wahyuNya melalui malaikat kepada nabi dan rasul. Nabi ialah seorang lelaki yang dipilih Allah untuk menerima wahyu untuk kegunaan dirinya dan umatnya sahaja.

Rasul dan nabi merupakan manusia biasa. Islam menghendaki penganutnya untuk mempercayai setiap nabi dan rasul ini dan tidak membezakan mereka antara satu sama lain. Rasul pula merupakan seorang lelaki yang dipilih untuk menerima wahyu untuk dirinya serta disampaikan kepada orang lain. Dilaporkan terdapat 313 orang telah dipilih sebagai rasul sejak bermulanya penciptaan manusia. Manakala bilangan nabi pula adalah 124,000 orang (termasuk rasul). Terdapat 25 rasul yang dinyatakan dalam Al-Quran, dan lima dari rasul tersebut adalah Ulul Azmi iaitu; , Nuh,Ibrahim, Musa, Isa dan Muhammad. Ulul Azmi adalah gelaran yang diberikan kepada rasul Allah yang memiliki ketabahan yang luar biasa dalam menyampaikan risalahnya.

Muhammad SAW merupakan nabi dan rasul yang terakhir. Ini bermakna tiada nabi dan rasul akan dilantik selepas kewafatan baginda. Baginda telah menyampaikan peringatan terakhir (iaitu Al Quran dan As Sunnah) kepada manusia sebelum berlakunya hari kiamat.

Rasul diberi tugas oleh Allah. Secara umumnya, tugas nabi dan rasul adalah membawa kebenaran, memberikan khabar gembira dan peringatan kepada umatnya agar mereka menjadi umat yang beriman kepada Allah agar tidak sengsara dunia dan akhirat. Para rasul diberi wahyu oleh Allah yang membuktikan bahwa mereka adalah pembimbing dalam segala amal perbuatannya pantas dijadikan cermin tauladan.

Apakah hikmah atau faedah diadakan Rasul dan Nabi ?

Antara faedahnya ialah Allah mahu diri NYA dikenali. Rasul dan Nabi diutus kepada umat manusia agar umat manusia kenal Allah sebagai Tuhan yang menciptakan alam ini. Dengan adanya Rasul dan Nabi, manusia akan kenal dengan tepat dan siapa Tuhan yang sebenar, serta faham pula kewajipan-kewajipan yang perlu ditunaikan sebagai seorang makhluk yang diciptakan Allah SWT. Jika seseorang yang diciptakan Allah tidak kenal siapa Tuhannya yang sebenar dan tidak mengakui keagungannya dengan jalan yang sebenar, nescaya sesatlah dirinya dan segala amal kebajikan yang dilaksanakannya tiada nilai disisi Allah.

Sifat-sifat Rasul dan Nabi

Ada 4 sifat yang Wajib bagi Rasul/Nabi. Ada 4 sifat yang Mustahil bagi Rasul/Nabi. Ada satu sifat yang Harus bagi Rasul/Nabi.

1. Siddiq maknanya Benar. Apa yang disabdakan oleh Rasul/Nabi adalah benar dan dibenarkan kata-katanya. Siddiq dan sadiqul masduq. Rasul/Nabi tidak berkata-kata melainkan apa yang telah diwahyukan oleh Allah SWT. Mustahil Rasul/Nabi bersifat dengan sifat KIZZIB (Dusta ). Mustahil Rasul/Nabi mengatakan sesuatu yang tidak dia ketahui dan tidak diwahyukan Allah kepadanya. Firman Allah bermaksud: Tidaklah dia (Rasulullah SAW) mengucapkan mengikut kemahuan hawa nafsunya. Apa yang diucapkan tidak lain melainkan wahyu yang diwahyukan. (An-Najm: 3-4).

2. Sifat yang wajib bagi Rasul/Nabi adalah AMANAH. Amanah ialah Rasul/Nabi akan melakukan sesuatu serta melaksanakan hukum-hukum Allah dengan benar dan tepat sebagaimana yang diwahyukan Allah SWT. Dan juga Rasul/Nabi tidak memungkiri janji.

“Barangsiapa yang berdusta atas nama ku, siapkanlah tempatnya di dalam api neraka “ (Bukhari, Muslim )

Maka mustahil Rasul/Nabi bersifat KHIANAT iaitu tidak amanah dan mungkir janji.

3. Wajib bagi Rasul/Nabi bersifat dengan sifat TABLIGH iaitu menyampaikan. Rasul/Nabi menyampaikan kepada umatnya apa yang Allah wahyukan kepadanya. Mustahil Rasul/Nabi bersifat dengan sifat KITMAN iaitu menyembunyikan.

4. Wajib bagi Rasul/Nabi bersifat dengan sifat FATANAH iaitu bijaksana. Rasul/Nabi mampu memahami perintah-perintah Allah dengan betul dan tepat. Mampu pula berhadapan dengan penentang-penentangnya dengan bijaksana dengan bukti-bukti yang kukuh. Mustahil Rasul/Nabi bersifat dengan sifat Jahlun iaitu bebal.

Dan satu sifat yang jaiz atau sifat yang harus bagi Rasul/Nabi ialah Aradhul Basyariyah iaitu untuk bersifat dengan sifat-sifat yang dipunyai oleh manusia-manusia biasa. Seperti ingin makan, berkahwin, mempunyai zuriat dan sebagainya.

Percaya kepada Hari Akhirat

Rencana utama: Hari Akhirat

Kita wajib percaya akan datangnya Hari Kemudian atau akhirat sebagaimana yang difirmankan oleh Allah SWT dalam al-Qur’an. Di terangkan bahawa pada akhir zaman akan datang suatu hari di mana semua makhluk yang ada akan menjadi rosak dan binasa, dimusnahkan dan akan dibangunkan semula. Kerana itu, hari akhirat turut mendapat julukan hari kiamat atau pembangkitan.

Setelah segalanya hancur pada hari kiamat, Allah memerintahkan kepada malaikat Israfil untuk bangun terlebih dahulu dan melaksanakan perintah Allah SWT meniup sangkakala, maka bangunlah nyawa yang telah mati untuk dihadapkan ke pengadilan Allah SWT dan mempertanggungjawabkan segala amal perbuatannya selama di dunia. Itulah hari pembalasan. Siapa yang amalannya lebih banyak dengan kebaikkan akan mendapat kebahagiaan di syurga. Sebaliknya, bagi amalannya lebih banyak yang jahat akan mendapat siksaan dan ditempatkan di neraka.

Percaya kepada Qada’ dan Qadar

Rencana utama: Qadar

Kita wajib percaya bahawa segala sesuatu yang telah terjadi dan yang akan terjadi, semuanya itu, menurut apa yang ditentukan dan ditetapkan oleh Tuhan Allah, sejak sebelumnya (zaman azali). Jadi segala sesuatu itu (nasib baik dan buruk) sudah diatur dengan rencana-rencana tertulis atau batasan-batasan yang tertentu. Tetapi kita tidak dapat mengetahuinya sebelum terjadi. Rencana sebelumnya itu Qadar atau Takdir bermaksud ketetapan. Terlaksananya berupa kenyataan, dinamakan Qada bermaksud keputusan perbuatan (pelaksanaan). Sebahagian Ulama’ menamakan takdir itu juga qada dan qada.

 

Do you already have an Energy Policy and completed your Energy Audit or Assessment?Read more here about Energy Audit…as part of your Energy Management Systems (EnMS)

Posted: April 14, 2012 in all about energy management systems
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1

Energy audit

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output(s).

Principle

When the object of study is an occupied building then reducing energy consumption while maintaining or improving human comfort, health and safety are of primary concern. Beyond simply identifying the sources of energy use, an energy audit seeks to prioritize the energy uses according to the greatest to least cost effective opportunities for energy savings.

Home energy audit

A home energy audit is a service where the energy efficiency of a house is evaluated by a person using professional equipment (such as blower doors and infrared cameras), with the aim to suggest the best ways to improve energy efficiency in heating and cooling the house.

An energy audit of a home may involve recording various characteristics of the building envelope including the walls, ceilings, floors, doors, windows, and skylights. For each of these components the area and resistance to heat flow (R-value) is measured or estimated. The leakage rate or infiltration of air through the building envelope is of concern, both of which are strongly affected by window construction and quality of door seals such as weatherstripping. The goal of this exercise is to quantify the building’s overall thermal performance. The audit may also assess the efficiency, physical condition, and programming of mechanical systems such as the heating, ventilation, air conditioning equipment, and thermostat.

A home energy audit may include a written report estimating energy use given local climate criteria, thermostat settings, roof overhang, and solar orientation. This could show energy use for a given time period, say a year, and the impact of any suggested improvements per year. The accuracy of energy estimates are greatly improved when the homeowner’s billing history is available showing the quantities of electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, or other energy sources consumed over a one or two-year period.

Some of the greatest effects on energy use are user behavior, climate, and age of the home. An energy audit may therefore include an interview of the homeowners to understand their patterns of use over time. The energy billing history from the local utility company can be calibrated using heating degree day and cooling degree day data obtained from recent, local weather data in combination with the thermal energy model of the building. Advances in computer-based thermal modeling can take into account many variables affecting energy use.

A home energy audit is often used to identify cost effective ways to improve the comfort and efficiency of buildings. In addition, homes may qualify for energy efficiency grants from central government.

In the United States

In the United States, this kind of service can often be facilitated by:

  • Public utility companies, or their energy conservation department.
  • Independent, private-sector companies such as energy services company, insulation contractor, or air sealing specialist.
  • (US) State energy office.

Utility companies may provide this service, as well as loans and other incentives to insulate. They also often provide incentives to switch, for example, if you are an oil customer considering switching to natural gas.

Where to look for insulation recommendations:

Residential energy auditors are accredited by the Building Performance Institute (BPI) or the Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET).[1][2]

There are also some simplified tools available, with which a homeowner can quickly assess energy improvement potential (without the use of auditing equipment). Often these are supplied for free by state agencies or local utilities, who produce a report with estimates of usage by device/area (since they have usage information already). Examples include the Energy Trust of Oregon program[3] and the Seattle Home Resource Profile.[4] Such programs may also include free compact fluorescent lights.

In Lebanon

Since 2002, The Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC) initiated a nationwide program on energy audits for medium and large consuming facilities. By the end of 2008, LCEC has financed and supervised more than 100 audits.

LCEC launched an energy audit program to assist Lebanese energy consuming tertiary and public buildings and industrial plants in the management of their energy through this program.

The long term objective of LCEC is to create a market for ESCOs, whereby any beneficiary can contact directly a specialized ESCO to conduct an energy audit, implement energy conservation measures and monitor energy saving program according to a standardized energy performance contract.

Currently, LCEC is helping in the funding of the energy audit study and thus is linking both the beneficiary and the energy audit firm. LCEC also targets the creation of a special fund used for the implementation of the energy conservation measures resulting from the study.

LCEC set a minimum standard for the ESCOs qualifications in Lebanon and published a list of qualified ESCOs[5] on its website.

In Australia

The Australian Government’s new Home Insulation Safety Plan was announced on 1 April 2010.[6]

Industrial energy audits

Increasingly in the last several decades, industrial energy audits have exploded as the demand to lower increasingly expensive energy costs and move towards a sustainable future have made energy audit greatly important. Their importance is magnified since energy spending is a major expense to industrial companies (energy spending accounts for ~ 10% of the average manufacturer’s expenses). This growing trend should only continue as energy costs continue to rise.

While the overall concept is similar to a home or residential energy audit, industrial energy audits require a different skillset. Weatherproofing and insulating a house are the main focus of residential energy audits. For industrial applications, weatherproofing and insulating often are minor concerns. In industrial energy audits, it is the HVAC, lighting, and production equipment that use the most energy.

Types of energy audit

The term energy audit is commonly used to describe a broad spectrum of energy studies ranging from a quick walk-through of a facility to identify major problem areas to a comprehensive analysis of the implications of alternative energy efficiency measures sufficient to satisfy the financial criteria of sophisticated investors. Numerous audit procedures have been developed for non-residential (tertiary) buildings (ASHRAE;[7] IEA-ECBCS Annex 11;[8] Krarti, 2000). Audit is required to identify the most efficient and cost-effective Energy Conservation Opportunities (ECOs) or Measures (ECMs). Energy conservation opportunities (or measures) can consist in more efficient use or of partial or global replacement of the existing installation.

When looking to the existing audit methodologies developed in IEA-ECBCS Annex 11 , by ASHRAE and by Krarti (2000), it appears that the main issues of an audit process are:

  • The analysis of building and utility data, including study of the installed equipment and analysis of energy bills;
  • The survey of the real operating conditions;
  • The understanding of the building behaviour and of the interactions with weather, occupancy and operating schedules;
  • The selection and the evaluation of energy conservation measures;
  • The estimation of energy saving potential;
  • The identification of customer concerns and needs.

Common types/levels of energy audits are distinguished below, although the actual tasks performed and level of effort may vary with the consultant providing services under these broad headings. The only way to ensure that a proposed audit will meet your specific needs is to spell out those requirements in a detailed scope of work. Taking the time to prepare a formal solicitation will also assure the building owner of receiving competitive and comparable proposals.

Generally, four levels of analysis can be outlined (ASHRAE):

  • Level 0 – Benchmarking: This first analysis consists in a preliminary Whole Building Energy Use (WBEU) analysis based on the analysis of the historic utility use and costs and the comparison of the performances of the buildings to those of similar buildings. This benchmarking of the studied installation allows determining if further analysis is required;
  • Level I – Walk-through audit: Preliminary analysis made to assess building energy efficiency to identify not only simple and low-cost improvements but also a list of energy conservation measures (ECMs, or energy conservation opportunities, ECOs) to orient the future detailed audit. This inspection is based on visual verifications, study of installed equipment and operating data and detailed analysis of recorded energy consumption collected during the benchmarking phase;
  • Level II – Detailed/General energy audit: Based on the results of the pre-audit, this type of energy audit consists in energy use survey in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of the studied installation, a more detailed analysis of the facility, a breakdown of the energy use and a first quantitative evaluation of the ECOs/ECMs selected to correct the defects or improve the existing installation. This level of analysis can involve advanced on-site measurements and sophisticated computer based simulation tools to evaluate precisely the selected energy retrofits;
  • Level III – Investment-Grade audit: Detailed Analysis of Capital-Intensive Modifications focusing on potential costly ECOs requiring rigorous engineering study.

Benchmarking

The impossibility of describing all possible situations that might be encountered during an audit means that it is necessary to find a way of describing what constitutes good, average and bad energy performance across a range of situations. The aim of benchmarking is to answer this question. Benchmarking mainly consists in comparing the measured consumption with reference consumption of other similar buildings or generated by simulation tools to identify excessive or unacceptable running costs. As mentioned before, benchmarking is also necessary to identify buildings presenting interesting energy saving potential. An important issue in benchmarking is the use of performance indexes to characterize the building.

These indexes can be:

  • Comfort indexes, comparing the actual comfort conditions to the comfort requirements;
  • Energy indexes, consisting in energy demands divided by heated/conditioned area, allowing comparison with reference values of the indexes coming from regulation or similar buildings;
  • Energy demands, directly compared to “reference” energy demands generated by means of simulation tools.

Walk-through or preliminary audit

The preliminary audit (alternatively called a simple audit, screening audit or walk-through audit) is the simplest and quickest type of audit. It involves minimal interviews with site-operating personnel, a brief review of facility utility bills and other operating data, and a walk-through of the facility to become familiar with the building operation and to identify any glaring areas of energy waste or inefficiency.

Typically, only major problem areas will be covered during this type of audit. Corrective measures are briefly described, and quick estimates of implementation cost, potential operating cost savings, and simple payback periods are provided. A list of energy conservation measures(ECMs, or energy conservation opportunities, ECOs) requiring further consideration is also provided. This level of detail, while not sufficient for reaching a final decision on implementing proposed measure, is adequate to prioritize energy-efficiency projects and to determine the need for a more detailed audit.

General Audit

The general audit (alternatively called a mini-audit, site energy audit or detailed energy audit or complete site energy audit) expands on the preliminary audit described above by collecting more detailed information about facility operation and by performing a more detailed evaluation of energy conservation measures. Utility bills are collected for a 12 to 36 month period to allow the auditor to evaluate the facility’s energy demand rate structures and energy usage profiles. If interval meter data is available, the detailed energy profiles that such data makes possible will typically be analyzed for signs of energy waste.[9] Additional metering of specific energy-consuming systems is often performed to supplement utility data. In-depth interviews with facility operating personnel are conducted to provide a better understanding of major energy consuming systems and to gain insight into short and longer term energy consumption patterns. This type of audit will be able to identify all energy-conservation measures appropriate for the facility, given its operating parameters. A detailed financial analysis is performed for each measure based on detailed implementation cost estimates, site-specific operating cost savings, and the customer’s investment criteria. Sufficient detail is provided to justify project implementation.

Investment-grade audit

In most corporate settings, upgrades to a facility’s energy infrastructure must compete for capital funding with non-energy-related investments. Both energy and non-energy investments are rated on a single set of financial criteria that generally stress the expected return on investment (ROI). The projected operating savings from the implementation of energy projects must be developed such that they provide a high level of confidence. In fact, investors often demand guaranteed savings. The investment-grade audit expands on the detailed audit described above and relies on a complete engineering study in order to detail technical and economical issues necessary to justify the investment related to the transformations.

Simulation-based energy audit procedure for non-residential buildings

A complete audit procedure, very similar to the ones proposed by ASHRAE and Krarti (2000), has been proposed in the frame of the AUDITAC[10] and HARMONAC[11] projects to help in the implementation of the EPB (“Energy Performance of Buildings”) directive in Europe and to fit to the current European market.

The following procedure proposes to make an intensive use of modern BES tools at each step of the audit process, from benchmarking to detailed audit and financial study:

  • Benchmarking stage : While normalization is required to allow comparison between data recorded on the studied installation and reference values deduced from case studies or statistics. The use of simulation models, to perform a code-compliant simulation of the installation under study, allows to assess directly the studied installation, without any normalization needed. Indeed, applying a simulation-based benchmarking tool allows an individual normalization and allows avoiding size and climate normalization.[12]
  • Preliminary audit stage: Global monthly consumptions are generally insufficient to allow an accurate understanding of the building’s behaviour. Even if the analysis of the energy bills does not allow identifying with accuracy the different energy consumers present in the facility, the consumption records can be used to calibrate building and system simulation models. To assess the existing system and to simulate correctly the building’s thermal behaviour, the simulation model has to be calibrated on the studied installation. The iterations needed to perform the calibration of the model can also be fully integrated in the audit process and help in identifying required measurements and critical issues.[13]
  • Detailed audit stage: At this stage, on-site measurements, sub-metering and monitoring data are used to refine the calibration of the BES tool. Extensive attention is given to understanding not only the operating characteristics of all energy consuming systems, but also situations that cause load profile variations on short and longer term bases (e.g. daily, weekly, monthly, annual). When the calibration criteria is satisfied, the savings related to the selected ECOs/ECMs can be quantified.[14]
  • Investment-grade audit stage: At this stage, the results provided by the calibrated BES tool can be used to assess the selected ECOs/ECMs and orient the detailed engineering study.

Specific audit techniques

Infrared Thermography Audit

The advent of high resolution thermography has enabled inspectors to identify potential issues within the building envelope by taking a thermal image of the various surfaces of a building. For purposes of an energy audit, the thermographer will analyze the patterns within the surface temperatures to identify heat transfer through convection, radiation, or conduction. It is important to note that the thermography ONLY identifies SURFACE temperatures, and analysis must be applied to determine the reasons for the patterns within the surface temperatures. Thermal analysis of a home generally costs between 300 and 600 dollars.

For those who cannot afford a thermal inspection, it is possible to get a general feel for the heat loss with a non contact infrared thermometer and several sheets of reflective insulation. The method involves measuring the temperatures on the inside surfaces of several exterior walls to establish baseline temperatures. After this, reflective barrier insulation is taped securely to the walls in 8-foot (2.4 m) by 1.5-foot (0.46 m) strips and the temperatures are measured in the center of the insulated areas at 1 hour intervals for 12 hours (The reflective barrier is pulled away from the wall to measure the temperature in the center of the area which it has covered.). The best manner in which to do this is when the temperature differential (Delta T) between the inside and outside of the structure is at least 40 degrees. A well insulated wall will commonly change approximately 1 degree per hour if the difference between external and internal temperatures is an average of 40 degrees. A poorly insulated wall can drop as much as 10 degrees in an hour.

Pollution Audits

With increases in carbon dioxide emissions or other greenhouse gases, pollution audits are now a prominent factor in most energy audits. Implementing energy efficient technologies help prevent utility generated pollution.

Online pollution and emission calculators help approximate the emissions of other prominent air pollutants in addition to carbon dioxide.

Pollution audits generally take electricity and heating fuel consumption numbers over a two year period and provide approximations for carbon dioxide, VOCs, nitrous oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, mercury, cadmium, lead, mercury compounds, cadmium compounds and lead compounds.

History

Energy audits initially became popular in response to the energy crisis of 1973 and later years. Interest in energy audits has recently increased as a result of growing understanding of human impact upon global warming and climate change.

Building energy rating systems

See also

 

Why Search Engines like Google or Yahoo is now so important in our lifes?Internet at the “speed of thought”?Find what you want,anytime,anywhere and anything?eg.sambal belacan or chincalok or my kampung Brisu..yes you can find them,wonderful?No wonder Google share price is so High?

Posted: March 9, 2012 in internet, TECHNOLOGY, the internet bzns
Tags: , , , , ,
3

Ever wonder using your dictionary to find the word/s that you dont know their meaning or definition?Yes,dictionary the hard copy type takes sometime to help you find the word/s!How to choose the best dictionary?Ramli’s Tip:look for the 4 letter word and if its there then that dictionary is quite a helpful and wholesome one!Buy it!

Nowadays we have the search engines like Google,Yahoo and so many others and all of them even like Wikipedia help us a lot to uderstand the meaning of some word/s and even a detailed description of the word.

Lets see what Wikipedia have to say about Search Engines.

List of search engines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

This is a list of Wikipedia articles about search engines, including web search engines, selection-based search engines, metasearch engines, desktop search tools, and web portals and vertical market websites that have a search facility for online databases.

By content/topic

General

 

P2P search engines

Metasearch engines

See also: Metasearch engine

Geographically limited scope

Accountancy

Business

Enterprise

See also: Enterprise search

Food/Recipes

Mobile/Handheld

Job

Main article: Job search engine

Legal

Medical

News

 

People

Real estate / property

Television

Video Games

By information type

Search engines dedicated to a specific kind of information

Forum

Blog

Multimedia

See also: Multimedia search

Source code

BitTorrent

These search engines work across the BitTorrent protocol.

Email

Maps

Price

Question and answer

Human answers

Automatic answers

See also: Question answering

Natural language

See also: Natural language search engine and Semantic search

By model

Open source search engines

Semantic browsing engines

Social search engines

See also: Social search, Relevance feedback, and Human search engine

Visual search engines

Search appliances

  • Google: Google Search Appliance

 

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